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Ernane Torres Uchoa Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil

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Paula Beatriz Marangon Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rodrigo Rorato Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil

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Silvia Graciela Ruginsk Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil

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Lucas Kniess Debarba Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Antunes-Rodrigues Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Lucila L K Elias Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathways mediate insulin effects in the CNS. The PI3K pathway is responsible for most metabolic effects of insulin, while the MAPK

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O A Sukocheva Division of Human Immunology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, Hanson Institute for Cancer Research, IMVS, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Biometry and Statistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, One University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA

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D O Carpenter Division of Human Immunology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, Hanson Institute for Cancer Research, IMVS, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Biometry and Statistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, One University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA

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; Lin et al. 1999 , Yen 2001 , D’Arezzo et al. 2004 ). Activation of the MAPK cascade by physiological concentrations of THs caused translocation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to the cell nucleus resulting in serine

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Manjunath Ramanjaneya Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Bee K Tan Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Marcin Rucinski Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Mohamed Kawan Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Jiamiao Hu Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Jaspreet Kaur Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Vanlata H Patel Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Ludwik K Malendowicz Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Hanna Komarowska Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Hendrik Lehnert Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Harpal S Randeva Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Warwick Medical School, Interim Translational Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Endocrinology, 1st Medical Department, Department of Diabetes, Aston Medical Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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signalling pathways in nesfatin-1 mediated H295R cell proliferation and apoptosis MAPK signalling pathways play a vital role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis ( Minden et al . 1994 , Xia et al . 1995 , Dhillon et al . 2007 ). We employed

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Richard R Almon
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Debra C DuBois
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Jin Y Jin
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William J Jusko
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transcripts either play a direct role in insulin signaling (IRS-1 and ERK3) or have been implicated in insulin sensitivity/insulin resistance (PTP1B, LAR, p38 MAPK, IL6R1). The decline in IRS-1, a central element in insulin signaling, will severely inhibit

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Yan Wang Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Mengqi Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Zhikun Huan Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Shanshan Shao Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Xiujuan Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Dehuan Kong Department of Endocrinology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong Province, China

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Jin Xu Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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were treated with recombinant mouse FSH or vehicle. For MAPK signal analysis, PD98059 ERK inhibitor and SB203580 p38 inhibitor were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). ATDC5 cell line culture The mouse chondrogenic cell line

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Eliana H Akamine Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Anderson C Marçal Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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João Paulo Camporez Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Mara S Hoshida Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Luciana C Caperuto Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Estela Bevilacqua Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Carla R O Carvalho Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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. Surprisingly, the LH levels in obese females treated for 180 days with high-fat diet were similar to controls. GNRH stimulates the secretory response of LH by a calcium-dependent signaling, and increases mRNA and protein synthesis of LH through the MAPK

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María E Díaz
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Johanna G Miquet
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Soledad P Rossi Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA‐CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Pablo E Irene
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Ana I Sotelo
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Mónica B Frungieri Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA‐CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, 1113 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Daniel Turyn
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Lorena González
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-phospho-AKT Ser473, anti-AKT, anti-p44/42 MAPK (anti-ERK1/2), anti-phospho-p44/42 MAPK Thr202/Tyr204 (anti-phospho-ERK1/2), anti-phospho-STAT3 Tyr705, anti-phospho-EGFR Tyr845, anti-cMyc, and anti-cFos antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Beverly

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Jonathan D Douros Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Jacek Mokrosinski Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Brian Finan Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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phosphorylation (i.e. activation) of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, i.e. extracellular signal regulated kinase, ERK), a known PLC-activating cascade ( Montrose-Rafizadeh et al. 1999 ). Data in native human and mouse pancreatic islets conclusively

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Anyonya R Guntur The Musculoskeletal Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA

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Clifford J Rosen The Musculoskeletal Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA

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effects observed with the osteoblast-specific deletion of FOXO1, none of the studies to date have addressed this question. Furthermore, osteoprogenitor-specific deletion of Pten led to FGF signaling-mediated activation of MAPK signaling showing that this

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Sebastio Perrini Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Luigi Laviola Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Marcos C Carreira Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Angelo Cignarelli Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Annalisa Natalicchio Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Francesco Giorgino Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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, which mediates most of the effects of GH on skeletal metabolism, promotes chondrogenesis and increases bone formation by regulating the functions of the differentiated osteoblasts ( Giustina et al . 2008 ). Figure 1 GH and IGF1 signaling and action in

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