Search Results
Search for other papers by R. L. HOLMES in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by E. BRODIE HUGHES in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by S. ZUCKERMAN in
Google Scholar
PubMed
SUMMARY
An attempt was made to separate the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus in eight mature female rhesus monkeys by placing a piece of polythene film between the cut ends of the pituitary stalk. One animal died shortly after operation. In two it was established that the stalk had not been divided, and normal menstrual cycles continued. In a fourth, normal cycles also continued in spite of extensive damage to the stalk.
Amenorrhoea set in in three of the monkeys despite variable degrees of regeneration of hypothalamo-hypophysial vascular connexions. One animal underwent two phases of uterine bleeding in spite of complete structural and vascular separation of the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus.
The neural process was found to be atrophic in each of the seven surviving animals, and all developed diabetes insipidus. The severity of the polyuria could be correlated with the amount of damage to the median eminence rather than to the stalk.
Search for other papers by Saadia Basharat in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jennifer A Parker in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kevin G Murphy in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stephen R Bloom in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Julia C Buckingham in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christopher D John in
Google Scholar
PubMed
sepsis in patients, allowing differentiation between patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and patients with sepsis ( Yousef et al . 2010 ). The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important protective role in the body
Search for other papers by Dóra Zelena in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ágnes Domokos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Subodh Kumar Jain in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ryan Jankord in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ludmila Filaretova in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Maintaining homeostasis in a constantly changing environment is a fundamental process of life. Hans Selye, the father of the stress concept, defined the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis as the major component required
Search for other papers by Belkis Gizem Uzturk in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shan-xue Jin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Developmental, Integrated Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular and Chemical Biology
Search for other papers by Beverly Rubin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christopher Bartolome in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Developmental, Integrated Physiology and Pathobiology, Molecular and Chemical Biology
Search for other papers by Larry A Feig in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a vital role in restoring homeostasis following environmental challenge. Physical or psychological stress results in cortisol production in humans or corticosterone (CORT) in rodents
Search for other papers by A I Esquifino in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M L Moreno in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A Arce in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by C Agrasal in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by J Pérez-Díaz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M A Villanúa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
This work was designed to investigate the effects of cyclosporine on prolactin secretion by an ectopically grafted heterologous pituitary gland, and on the hypothalamic content of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. The administration of cyclosporine prevented the augmentation in plasma prolactin levels which occurred following an ectopic graft of a litter-mate pituitary gland. In contrast, in sham-operated rats, cyclosporine increased prolactin levels on day 8 of treatment. Both pituitary grafting and cyclosporine treatment in sham-operated rats decreased hypothalamic norepinephrine content. In grafted rats, cyclosporine returned hypothalamic norepinephrine to normal. Hypothalamic serotonin content decreased 8 days after pituitary grafting but increased to the values of control animals after cyclosporine administration. Cyclosporine treatment for 2 and 8 days increased serotonin content in sham-operated animals. As expected, the hypothalamic dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine index increased after pituitary grafting and administration of cyclosporine for 8 days resulted in a further increase. Cyclosporine administration for 2 days, however, decreased this index to the values observed in control animals while drug treatment of control rats for 8 days decreased the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine index. In vitro release of prolactin from the ectopic gland was markedly decreased in animals treated with cyclosporine for 2 days and this effect was less evident in 8-day treated rats. These data suggest that the impairment of the local immune reaction after pituitary grafting, by cyclosporine administration for 2 days, prevents the augmentation of plasma prolactin levels and normalizes the hypothalamic catecholamine parameters, thus suggesting that the effects of cyclosporine at the hypothalamo-pituitary axis are exerted through changes in prolactin secretion by the graft, although chronic administration of cyclosporine may also have a direct effect on the hypothalamus.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 159–164
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, RM525, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
Search for other papers by Michal A Zmijewski in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, RM525, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
Search for other papers by Rajesh K Sharma in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, RM525, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
Search for other papers by Andrzej T Slominski in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the most proximal element of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, a system that coordinates the body response to systemic stress ( Selye 1936 , Vale et al. 1981
Search for other papers by Francesca Spiga in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Louise R Harrison in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Susan Wood in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by David M Knight in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Cliona P MacSweeney in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fiona Thomson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mark Craighead in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stafford L Lightman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Vasopressin (arginine vasopressin, AVP) and CRH are the two main neuropeptides regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. AVP is a nonapeptide synthesised in parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
Search for other papers by Nathalie Marissal-Arvy in
Google Scholar
PubMed
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
Search for other papers by Rachel Hamiani in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Emmanuel Richard in
Google Scholar
PubMed
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
Search for other papers by Marie-Pierre Moisan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
Search for other papers by Véronique Pallet in
Google Scholar
PubMed
brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( Brossaud et al . 2013 ), only a few studies have explored the regulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function by retinoids. Previous studies have suggested an inhibition of glucocorticoid synthesis
Search for other papers by F. G. YOUNG in
Google Scholar
PubMed
In previous communications [Young, 1936, 1937 c, 1938 a] it has been shown that none of the following anterior pituitary fractions is diabetogenic per se, when tested by the daily administration of large amounts to an intact dog: prolactin, thyrotropic hormone, glycotropic substance, gonadotropic substance, the latter being assayed by its ability to cause ovulation in the oestrous rabbit. More recently, Houssay and Biasotti [1938] tested a number of anterior lobe fractions for ability to induce a diabetic condition in dogs from which the pituitary gland and most of the pancreas had been removed. The following substances were found to have no significant effect: prolactin, adrenotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone.
The present communication records efforts to purify diabetogenic extracts of ox anterior lobe by fractionation with ammonium sulphate at 0° C. The properties of crude and of purified diabetogenic extracts were examined, and some observations on their biological action
Search for other papers by E. G. BASSETT in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Some anatomical and histological features have been described of the pituitary glands of thirty mature cattle in various sexual conditions. The glands from five female calves and five foetuses have also been examined.
A cone of Wulzen was macroscopically observed in twenty-two of the thirty mature glands and in two calf glands.
Colloid was found to be a common constituent in the mature cattle pituitary and was seen in the cleft of thirteen glands, in blood vessels of fourteen and as anterior lobe cysts in twenty-four. Drops of intercellular colloid were present in all glands.
There was some evidence that the colloid drops and the formation of anterior lobe cysts might be associated.
As no colloid was seen in the calf or the foetal material, it seems likely that the various types of this substance are formed during the post-embryonic life of the animal.
