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Uniza W Khan Comparative Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India

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Umesh Rai Comparative Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India

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. Mondal S & Rai U 1999 Sexual dimorphism in phagocytic activity of wall lizard’s splenic macrophages and its control by sex steroids. General and Comparative Endocrinology 116 291 –298. Mondillo C

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Baiba Steinbrekera Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Robert Roghair Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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and coworkers (2011) have each shown that former IUGR men but not women have increased baseline blood pressure that is exacerbated by psychological stress, and this sexual dimorphism has been a consistent theme in preclinical animal models ( Intapad

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Sean C Lema
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Jon T Dickey Physiology Program, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Pacific Northwest Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA

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Irvin R Schultz Physiology Program, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Pacific Northwest Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA

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Penny Swanson
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T 3 levels, whereas dietary methimazole depressed total T 4 . The fathead minnow has been shown to have sexual dimorphism in peripheral levels of THs ( Crane et al . 2004 ). Accordingly, we observed higher T 4 and T 3 levels in males than females

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Ryun S Ahn
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Jee H Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Bum C Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Jung H Kim Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Sung H Lee Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Simon S Sung Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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: sexual dimorphism and changes across the estrous cycle . Endocrinology 138 3842 – 3848 . doi:10.1210/en.138.9.3842 . Bao AM Liu RY van Someren EJ Hofman MA Cao YX Zhou JN 2003 Diurnal rhythm of free estradiol during the menstrual

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Richard Eastell Academic Unit of Bone Metabolism, Division of Clinical Sciences (North), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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endosteal apposition. It is thus a key mediator of the sexual dimorphism of bone and is the reason (along with the differences in linear growth, see above) why women have smaller bones relative to their size than men. The main effect of oestrogen on bone

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Alexia Barroso Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain

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Jose Antonio Santos-Marcos CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

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Cecilia Perdices-Lopez Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain

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Ana Vega-Rojas CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

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Miguel Angel Sanchez-Garrido Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain

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Yelizabeta Krylova CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

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Helena Molina-Abril Department of Applied Mathematics I, University of Seville, Seville, Spain

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Claes Ohlsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Pablo Perez-Martinez CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

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Matti Poutanen Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Jose Lopez-Miranda CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

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Manuel Tena-Sempere Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Antonio Camargo CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

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hormones appear to be one of the factors driving gut microbiota differences between males and females, which may also contribute to the sexual dimorphism in disease susceptibility ( Cross et al. 2018 ). In addition, it has been shown that the gut

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Laura L Gathercole Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Nikolaos Nikolaou Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Shelley E Harris Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Anastasia Arvaniti Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Toryn M Poolman Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Jonathan M Hazlehurst Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Denise V Kratschmar Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Marijana Todorčević Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Ahmad Moolla Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Niall Dempster Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Ryan C Pink Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

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Michael F Saikali Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Liz Bentley Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxford, UK

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Trevor M Penning Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Claes Ohlsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Carolyn L Cummins Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Matti Poutanen Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Alex Odermatt Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Roger D Cox Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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phenotype, the effect on females was mild despite a similar decrease in total bile acid levels. The mechanism that underpins the sexual dimorphism is unclear, but differences in the composition of the bile acid pool may be involved. The expression and

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Marie M Devillers Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Florence Petit Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Victoria Cluzet Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Charlotte M François Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Frank Giton APHP CIB GHU Sud Henri Mondor, INSERM IMRB U955, Eq.07, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France

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Ghislaine Garrel Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Céline J Guigon Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46222 ) 10.1038/srep46222 28397811 Garrel G Racine C L’Hôte D Denoyelle C Guigon CJ di Clemente N Cohen-Tannoudji J 2016 Anti-Müllerian hormone: a new actor of sexual dimorphism in pituitary gonadotrope activity before

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Marion Walser Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Linus Schiöler Department for Public Health and Community Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jan Oscarsson AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden

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Maria A I Åberg Department of Primary Health Care, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ruth Wickelgren Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Johan Svensson Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jörgen Isgaard Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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N David Åberg Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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pattern of growth hormone in control of body growth . Acta Endocrinologica 99 24 – 30 . ( doi:10.1530/acta.0.0990024 ) Jansson JO Eden S Isaksson O 1985 Sexual dimorphism in the control of growth hormone secretion . Endocrine Reviews

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Lidia I Serova
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Heather A Harris Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA

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Shreekrishna Maharjan
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Esther L Sabban
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estrogen receptor-beta on anxiety-related behaviors . Endocrinology 146 797 – 807 . Luque JM de Blas MR Segovia S Guillamon A 1992 Sexual dimorphism of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat locus ceruleus . Brain

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