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. Mondal S & Rai U 1999 Sexual dimorphism in phagocytic activity of wall lizard’s splenic macrophages and its control by sex steroids. General and Comparative Endocrinology 116 291 –298. Mondillo C
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and coworkers (2011) have each shown that former IUGR men but not women have increased baseline blood pressure that is exacerbated by psychological stress, and this sexual dimorphism has been a consistent theme in preclinical animal models ( Intapad
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T 3 levels, whereas dietary methimazole depressed total T 4 . The fathead minnow has been shown to have sexual dimorphism in peripheral levels of THs ( Crane et al . 2004 ). Accordingly, we observed higher T 4 and T 3 levels in males than females
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: sexual dimorphism and changes across the estrous cycle . Endocrinology 138 3842 – 3848 . doi:10.1210/en.138.9.3842 . Bao AM Liu RY van Someren EJ Hofman MA Cao YX Zhou JN 2003 Diurnal rhythm of free estradiol during the menstrual
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endosteal apposition. It is thus a key mediator of the sexual dimorphism of bone and is the reason (along with the differences in linear growth, see above) why women have smaller bones relative to their size than men. The main effect of oestrogen on bone
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
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Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
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Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
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Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Lipids and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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hormones appear to be one of the factors driving gut microbiota differences between males and females, which may also contribute to the sexual dimorphism in disease susceptibility ( Cross et al. 2018 ). In addition, it has been shown that the gut
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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phenotype, the effect on females was mild despite a similar decrease in total bile acid levels. The mechanism that underpins the sexual dimorphism is unclear, but differences in the composition of the bile acid pool may be involved. The expression and
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. ( https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46222 ) 10.1038/srep46222 28397811 Garrel G Racine C L’Hôte D Denoyelle C Guigon CJ di Clemente N Cohen-Tannoudji J 2016 Anti-Müllerian hormone: a new actor of sexual dimorphism in pituitary gonadotrope activity before
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pattern of growth hormone in control of body growth . Acta Endocrinologica 99 24 – 30 . ( doi:10.1530/acta.0.0990024 ) Jansson JO Eden S Isaksson O 1985 Sexual dimorphism in the control of growth hormone secretion . Endocrine Reviews
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estrogen receptor-beta on anxiety-related behaviors . Endocrinology 146 797 – 807 . Luque JM de Blas MR Segovia S Guillamon A 1992 Sexual dimorphism of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat locus ceruleus . Brain