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P A Hill Department of Craniofacial Development and Orthodontics, Kings College London, GKT Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK

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A Tumber Department of Craniofacial Development and Orthodontics, Kings College London, GKT Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK

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the removal of bone by osteoclasts and the formation of new bone by osteoblasts. Up to 65% of osteoblasts that originate at the remodelling site die by apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), a process common to several regenerating tissues ( Jilka

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Marie M Devillers Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Florence Petit Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Victoria Cluzet Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Charlotte M François Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Frank Giton APHP CIB GHU Sud Henri Mondor, INSERM IMRB U955, Eq.07, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France

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Ghislaine Garrel Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Joëlle Cohen-Tannoudji Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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Céline J Guigon Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS, INSERM, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative UMR 8251, Physiologie de l’Axe Gonadotrope U1133, Paris, France

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contributing to the programming of adult reproductive function ( Stewart & Cygan 1980 , Clarkson et al. 2009 , Brock et al. 2011 , Kuiri-Hänninen et al. 2013 , Rey 2014 ). The ovary is already receptive to gonadotropins during the infantile period

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Yuan Ni Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China

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Dan Xu Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Feng Lv Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Yang Wan Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Guanlan Fan Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Wen Zou Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China

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Yunxi Chen Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China

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Linguo Pei Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Jing Yang Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China

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Hui Wang Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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rats after birth To determine whether the ovarian development abnormalities caused by PEE will persist after birth and have a programming effect, we observed the body weight of female offspring rats at different time points after birth. Compared with

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A Catizone Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine, Histology and Embryology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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G Ricci Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine, Histology and Embryology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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J Del Bravo Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine, Histology and Embryology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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M Galdieri Department of Histology and Medical Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
Department of Experimental Medicine, Histology and Embryology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

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survival preventing programmed cell death ( Matsui et al. 1991 , Pesce et al. 1993 , Hakovirta et al. 1999 , Yan et al. 2000 ). Endocrine and paracrine/autocrine factors also regulate germ cell proliferation: FSH stimulates spermatogonial

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Simin Younesi School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Alita Soch School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Microscopy Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Luba Sominsky School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Barwon Health Laboratory, Barwon Health, University Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Sarah J Spencer School of Health and Biomedical Sciences RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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ovarian primordial follicle pool ( Sominsky et al. 2016 ). While these studies strongly implicate early life microglia in the perinatal programming of hypothalamic control of gonadotropin release and thereby ovarian health, it remains unclear whether

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Parsanathan Rajesh Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India

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Karundevi Balasubramanian Department of Endocrinology, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India

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foetal outcomes, both immediately at birth and during adulthood. Recent advances in the field have indicated that numerous adulthood diseases, including those characteristic of metabolic syndrome, could be programmed in utero in response to maternal

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A Bozec
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F Chuzel
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S Chater
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C Paulin
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R Bars
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M Benahmed
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C Mauduit
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Introduction There is considerable support for the hypothesis that events occurring in fetal life could have life-long consequences on the health of the adult ( Barker et al. 1989 ). Lucas (1991) defined programming as the

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Jonathan D Douros Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Jacek Mokrosinski Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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Brian Finan Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA

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. 2020 ). Academic and industrial GLP-1R agonist programs have since undertaken a robust, iterative approach to optimizing Ex-4-based compounds, including some that demonstrate substantial signaling bias. As mentioned previously, Phe1-Ex-4 exhibits

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Omkaram Gangisetty Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Shaima Jabbar Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Olivia Wynne Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Dipak K Sarkar Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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be in the range of 1.8–2.0. About 10 ng of miR was converted to cDNA using TaqMan miRNA reverse transcription kit using RT primer specific for each miR. RT reaction was performed in a thermocycler (Applied Biosystems) using the program (16°C for 30

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K Goosse Laboratory of Cell Biology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 5, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

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T Bouckenooghe Laboratory of Cell Biology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 5, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

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M Balteau Laboratory of Cell Biology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 5, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

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B Reusens Laboratory of Cell Biology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 5, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

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C Remacle Laboratory of Cell Biology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 5, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

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obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adulthood ( Vanhala et al . 1998 , Ravelli et al . 2005 , Barker et al . 2007 ). This leads to the conclusion that adult diseases may originate during organ development and suggests that a programming of

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