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Jason P Breves Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA

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Mayu Inokuchi Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoko Yamaguchi Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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Andre P Seale Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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Bethany L Hunt Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA

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Soichi Watanabe Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Darren T Lerner Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA
University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA

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Toyoji Kaneko Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan

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E Gordon Grau Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, USA

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-Jamot et al. 2006 ). Although the extent of hormonal control of Aqp3 in mammalian epidermis is similarly unresolved, it is noteworthy that both tissues operate as barriers between the organism and the environment. The endocrine system coordinates the

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Jirapas Sripetchwandee Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Hiranya Pintana Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Piangkwan Sa-nguanmoo Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Chiraphat Boonnag Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Wasana Pratchayasakul Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Nipon Chattipakorn Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Siriporn C Chattipakorn Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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, Luine et al. 1998 , Pratchayasakul et al. 2015 ). Taken together, these findings suggested that sex hormones are required to preserve cognitive function for each gender. Although it has already been reported that the deficiency of these hormones

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Christoph Schmid Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Marian C Neidert Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Oliver Tschopp Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Lisa Sze Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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René L Bernays Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Introduction This review on growth hormone (GH) and Klotho covers novel findings on a well-known hormone, the first to be extracted and characterized from the pituitary gland, and a more recently, accidentally discovered multifunctional protein. To

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Clare F Hodkinson Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Psychology, Rowett Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK

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Ellen E A Simpson Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Psychology, Rowett Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK

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John H Beattie Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Psychology, Rowett Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK

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Jacqueline M O'Connor Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Psychology, Rowett Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK

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David J Campbell Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Psychology, Rowett Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK

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J J Strain Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Psychology, Rowett Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK

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Julie M W Wallace Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Psychology, Rowett Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK

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, predominantly from animal studies, also suggests a direct reciprocal relationship exists between the thyroid gland and the immune system ( Fabris et al . 1995 , Klein 2006 ). Thyroid hormones are involved in numerous physiological processes, such as

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De-Fu Ma
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Katsuko Sudo Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University Animal Research Center, Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Hideo Tezuka Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University Animal Research Center, Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Tetsuo Kondo
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Tadao Nakazawa
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Dong-Feng Niu
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Tomonori Kawasaki
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Kunio Mochizuki
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Tetsu Yamane
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Ryohei Katoh
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mice’ could facilitate clonality research of endocrine organs ( Ma et al . 2010 ). Endocrine tissues with a high level of hormonal responsiveness are often nodular or undergo nodular hyperplasia or neoplastic formation. Appropriate interpretation of

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Adrian Holliday School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, UK

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Andrew Blannin School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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, King et al. 2010 ). This phenomenon, termed the ‘anorexia of exercise’ ( King et al. 1994 ), is often coupled with anorexigenic changes in appetite-associated hormones ( Schubert et al. 2014 ). While the exercise intensity dependency of post

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A P Santos-Silva
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E Oliveira
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C R Pinheiro
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A L Nunes-Freitas
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Y Abreu-Villaça
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A C Santana
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C C Nascimento-Saba
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J F Nogueira-Neto Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil

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A M Reis Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil

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E G Moura
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P C Lisboa
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nicotine are likely to have their own effects or to have combined effects, including interactions with nicotine, resulting in altered nutritional and hormonal profiles of the offspring. Some compounds of cigarette smoke such as perchlorate and thiocyanate

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Brenda Anguiano Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Juriquilla, Km 15, Carretera Qro-SLP, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Mexico City 09340, México

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Alejandra López Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Juriquilla, Km 15, Carretera Qro-SLP, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Mexico City 09340, México

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Guadalupe Delgado Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Juriquilla, Km 15, Carretera Qro-SLP, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Mexico City 09340, México

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Carlos Romero Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Juriquilla, Km 15, Carretera Qro-SLP, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Mexico City 09340, México

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Carmen Aceves Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Juriquilla, Km 15, Carretera Qro-SLP, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Mexico City 09340, México

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Introduction Sex hormones, prolactin (PRL), and thyroid hormones (TH) modulate, in a synergistic or antagonistic manner, several aspects of reproductive physiology ( Longcope 2000 a , 2000 b , Cooke et al. 2004 ). The prostate is

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J Bryce Ortiz Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Sebastian Tellez Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona, USA

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Giri Rampal Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom

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Grant S Mannino Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Nicole Couillard Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Matias Mendez Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Tabitha R F Green Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Sean M Murphy Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Rachel K Rowe Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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al. 2006 , Rose & Auble 2012 , Casano-Sancho et al. 2013 , Reifschneider et al. 2015 ). Endocrinopathies are defined as long-lasting changes in the production, release, circulation, and/or regulation of hormones. Some studies have found that

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P. M. BARLING
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G. N. HENDY
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M. C. EVANS
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J. L. H. O'RIORDAN
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SUMMARY

Immunoassays specific for limited regions of bovine parathyroid hormone were developed in four ways.

With the heterogeneous antisera produced by immunizing with intact bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH 1–84), the specificity of radioimmunoassays could be enhanced by presaturating either with an amino-terminal (BPTH 1–34) or carboxy-terminal (BPTH 53–84) fragment. Then, the antibodies which had not been neutralized reacted exclusively with the opposite end of the molecule, even using [125I]BPTH 1–84 as tracer. With some antisera, the appropriate fragment and intact hormone reacted identically. However, with other antisera, the fragment reacted less well than the intact hormone, possibly because these antisera contain antibodies reacting with the middle of the molecule.

Using the labelled fragment ([125I]BPTH 1–34) as tracer, with heterogeneous antisera, radioimmunoassays specific for the amino-terminal region were obtained. With one antiserum, BPTH 1–34 reacted identically with the intact hormone, but with another antiserum, the fragment was more reactive than the intact molecule.

A region-specific radioimmunoassay was also developed using antibodies produced by immunization with a fragment of the hormone. An antiserum raised against BPTH 1–34 had high affinity for the amino-terminal fragment, but reacted less well with the intact hormone.

Immunoradiometric assays, specific for the amino- or carboxy-terminal regions, were developed by using immunoadsorbents consisting of a fragment (either BPTH 1–34 or BPTH 53–84) coupled to cellulose. These were used to fractionate 125I-labelled antibodies. With some of these selected antibodies, the appropriate fragment was of lower reactivity than the intact hormone. This may have been due to the presence of an incomplete antigenic site on the fragment, or to conformational differences between the fragment and the corresponding region of the intact hormone. With other selected antibodies the fragment and the intact molecule reacted identically.

Careful selection of antisera and of technique is necessary to obtain an assay in which a fragment and the intact hormone behave identically.

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