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Introduction The morphogenesis of the murine pituitary is initiated by neurulation and continues throughout embryonic development where it is under the influence of numerous critically timed signaling pathways that lead to the differentiation
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.1210/en.2007-1001 ) Luo X Ikeda Y Parker KL 1994 A cell-specific nuclear receptor is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation . Cell 77 481 – 490 . ( doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90211-9 ) Majka SM Beutz MA
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Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy
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Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, CIRMAR (Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulle basi molecolari della Malattie della Riproduzione), Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Urology, Immunoallergology Unit, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Gulf Medical University, Intercept Pharmaceuticals Italia Srl, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy
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′-AGGCAGGGAGTGTGTGAACT-3′ R: 5′-CGTCGTGGTCTGACAGTTTG-3′ Tbet F: 5′-CCTTCCAAGAGACGCAGTTC-3′ R: 5′-AGGAAGCTCGGGGTAGAAAC-3′ TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; CD4, T-cell surface glycoprotein cluster of differentiation 4; LACT, lactoferrin; STAMP2, six transmembrane protein of
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Introduction Spermatogenesis is a highly organized and coordinated process during which a small number of diploid spermatogonial stem cells, the founder cells of the germ line, develop through mitosis, meiosis and differentiation into the
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adrenal glands, the pancreas, and the brain ( Barakat et al. 2016 ). Estrogen plays many important physiological roles in terms of secondary sexual characteristics, sexual maturation, and the female reproductive system. In addition, estrogen has certain
Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Introduction Testicular development and function are critical for normal spermatogenesis and male reproduction. The growth and maturation of the testes require the timely occurrence of multiple processes of cell proliferation, differentiation
Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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factors that have also been also associated with sexual-gender dimorphism in insulin resistance ( Sarlio-Lahteenkorva & Lahelma 1999 , Dallongeville et al. 2005 , Hwang & Lee 2014 , Xu et al. 2016 ). Finally, we are going to discuss open research
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Introduction Hair colour is often very important and may need to alter to allow appropriate changes, e.g. signalling of sexual maturity ( Jansen & van Baalen 2006 ) or seasonal camouflage ( Flux 1970 ). In men, highly pigmented beard hair replaces
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hyperinsulinemia ( von Wowern et al. 2005 ). Recent studies show that SGK1 regulates adipocyte differentiation and is expressed in white adipose tissue ( Di Pietro et al. 2010 ). The importance of SGK1 in metabolism is further supported by studies showing that
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implicated in the sexually dimorphic characteristics of prolactinomas described by some ( Ma et al . 2002 , Nishioka et al . 2003 , Delgrange et al . 2005 , Schaller 2005 ) but not all groups ( Calle-Rodrigue et al . 1998 ) and in the increased