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Anna Krook Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

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indicate that in type 1 patients treated with intensive insulin therapy, insulin resistance is associated with an increased risk of angiopathy and metabolic syndrome, and is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity in type 1 diabetes. Understanding the

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Li Li Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, St Vincent Health System, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA

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Xiaohua Li Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, St Vincent Health System, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, St Vincent Health System, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA

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Wenjun Zhou Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, St Vincent Health System, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, St Vincent Health System, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA

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Joseph L Messina Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, St Vincent Health System, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, St Vincent Health System, Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA

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-inflammatory action of insulin via induction of Gadd45-β transcription by the mTOR signaling pathway . Hepatic Medicine 2 79 – 85 . Bremer AA Devaraj S Afify A Jiala I 2011 Adipose tissue dysregulation in patients with metabolic syndrome . Journal of

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M Lauterburg Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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G Escher Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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B Dick Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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D Ackermann Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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F J Frey Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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of the metabolic syndrome, a disease state recently tentatively treated by specific inhibitors of 11β-HSD1 ( Ge et al . 2010 ). Thus, the present investigation in rats suggests that an enhanced intracellular availability of endogenous glucocorticoids

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Eriko Inoue Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Toshihiro Ichiki Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Kotaro Takeda Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Hirohide Matsuura Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Toru Hashimoto Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Jiro Ikeda Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Aya Kamiharaguchi Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Kenji Sunagawa Departments of, Cardiovascular Medicine, Advanced Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Diseases, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan

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Introduction Obesity plays a central role in the development of metabolic syndrome ( Wajchenberg 2000 ), a constellation of risk factors such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. Accumulation of visceral fat rather than

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Tod Fullston Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Nicole O McPherson Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Deirdre Zander-Fox Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Michelle Lane Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Freemason’s Foundation Centre for Men’s Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Monash IVF Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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induce paternal programming have provided more direct evidence of impairment to the health of both first and second generation of offspring, manifesting as an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and subfertility ( Fullston et al. 2013 ). Smoking

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Julie Rodriguez Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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Nathalie M Delzenne Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

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transfer (FMT) interventions in humans ( Vrieze et al. 2012 ). By infusing the intestinal microbiota from lean donors to individuals with metabolic syndrome, an improvement of insulin sensitivity and an increased abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria

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Marion Régnier UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Matthias Van Hul UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium

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Claude Knauf Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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Patrice D Cani UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO – Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
European Associated Laboratory (EAL) ‘NeuroMicrobiota’, Brussels/Toulouse, Belgium

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beneficial effects of inulin on HFD-induced low-grade inflammation and metabolic syndrome ( Zou et al. 2018 ). They demonstrated that IL-22, which is already known to protect against several intestinal infections ( Zheng et al. 2008 , Zhong et al. 2019

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Hongbin Liu Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Anthony E Dear Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Lotte B Knudsen Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Richard W Simpson Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Monash University, 6th Floor Burnett Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Prahran 3181, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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et al . 2000 , Peschel & Niebauer 2003 ). Elevated levels of PAI-1 and vascular adhesion molecules are associated with vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and may predispose patients to accelerated atherogenesis in the metabolic syndrome and type 2

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Ljupka Gligorovska Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Biljana Bursać Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Sanja Kovačević Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Nataša Veličković Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Gordana Matić Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Ana Djordjevic Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, especially in male rodents ( Wajchenberg 2000 , Bjørndal et al. 2011 ). For histological analysis, part of the gonadal VAT was excised and fixed in 10% neutral formalin for 24 h, dehydrated in

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E P S Conceição Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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E G Moura Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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A C Manhães Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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J C Carvalho Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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J L Nobre Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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E Oliveira Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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P C Lisboa Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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of the metabolic syndrome ( Paz-Filho et al. 2009 ). In the same way, aging seems to affect the plasma 25(OH)D in SL rats, which was higher at PN120 and became normal at PN180. One possibility is that, with aging, the adipocyte sequesters more

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