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Jonathan Lindzey Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD B3-02, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania 17745, USA

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Friederike L Jayes Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD B3-02, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania 17745, USA

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Mariana M Yates Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD B3-02, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania 17745, USA

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John F Couse Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD B3-02, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania 17745, USA

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Kenneth S Korach Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD B3-02, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania 17745, USA

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proestrus ( Couse & Korach 1999 ), but they also exhibit reduced fecundity that may be attributed to infrequent and/or blunted LH surges. ERβ has been postulated to facilitate the LH surge by mediating an estrogen-induced increase in progesterone receptor

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Martina Böttner Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37099 Göttingen, Germany

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Julie Christoffel
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Wolfgang Wuttke
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. Kushwaha RS Foster DM Murthy VN Carey KD Bernard MG 1990 Metabolic regulation of apoproteins of high-density lipoproteins by estrogen and progesterone in the baboon ( Papio sp) . Metabolism 39 544 – 552 . Leung KC Johannsson G Leong

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D S Boeldt Department of Ob/Gyn, Perinatal Research Laboratories, University Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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I M Bird Department of Ob/Gyn, Perinatal Research Laboratories, University Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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pregnancy are numerous endocrine changes. These endocrine changes include fluctuations in circulating sex steroids, which truly begin to change through the menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy. Estrogens and progesterone are known to have profound

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Jing Lu Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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Joshua Reese Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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Ying Zhou Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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Emmet Hirsch Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
Department of OB/GYN, Department of OB/GYN, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA

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Reproduction 86 39 . ( doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.095505 ) Horwitz KB Mockus MB Lessey BA 1982 Variant T47D human breast cancer cells with high progesterone-receptor levels despite estrogen and antiestrogen resistance . Cell 28 633 – 642

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Lucas Monje Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorgelina Varayoud Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Enrique H Luque Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorge G Ramos Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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, Varayoud J, Bosquiazzo VL, Luque EH & Munoz-de-Toro M 2002 Cellular turnover in the rat uterine cervix and its relationship to estrogen and progesterone receptor dynamics. Biology of Reproduction 67 735 –742. Ramos JG

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Hong-Hui Wang College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Qian Cui Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Teng Zhang State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Lei Guo State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Ming-Zhe Dong College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Yi Hou State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Zhen-Bo Wang State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Wei Shen Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Jun-Yu Ma Laboratory for Germ Cell Metabolism, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Qing-Yuan Sun College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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ovulation stages) are named as gonadotropin-dependent phase ( McGee & Hsueh 2000 , McNatty et al . 2007 , Orisaka et al . 2009 ). These three sex hormones coordinate precisely with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and progesterone to regulate the

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C J Corbin Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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E L Legacki Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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B A Ball Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

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K E Scoggin Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

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S D Stanley Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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A J Conley Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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testosterone to the more biopotent agonist, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), significantly amplifying the androgenic response. However, progesterone is an equally good substrate for 5α-reductases in several species ( Levy et al . 1995 ), and there is increasing

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Eugen Brailoiu Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Siok L Dun Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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G Cristina Brailoiu Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Keisuke Mizuo Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Larry A Sklar Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Tudor I Oprea Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Eric R Prossnitz Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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Nae J Dun Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
Department of Pathology,
Division of Biocomputing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA

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estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in the rat brain: fantasy or reality. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 16 175 –198. Revankar CM , Cimino DF, Sklar LA, Arterburn JB & Prossnitz ER 2005 A

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Pablo H Cutini Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica II, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica II, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

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Adrián E Campelo Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica II, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica II, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

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Virginia L Massheimer Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica II, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
Cátedra de Bioquímica Clínica II, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Juan 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

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-Picard MT Garcia E Lorenzo F Milgrom E 1988 Immunocytochemical demonstration of estrogen and progesterone receptors in muscle cells of uterine arteries in rabbits and humans . Endocrinology 123 1511 – 1519 . ( doi:10.1210/endo-123-3-1511 ) Ross R

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Kok-Min Seow Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Jyun-Lin Lee Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ming-Luen Doong Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Seng-Wong Huang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Jiann-Loung Hwang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Wei-Ju Huang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Full-Young Chang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Low-Tone Ho Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chi-Chang Juan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Physiology, Department of Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Nursing, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Education and Medical Research, Department of Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho‐Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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of certain hormones, such as estrogen ( Chen et al . 1995 ) and progesterone ( Sheen-Chen et al . 2001 ), as concentrations of these hormones increase throughout pregnancy. Pregnant women with decreased gastrointestinal transit suffer from nausea

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