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worldwide epidemic, there is a growing demand for new treatments that not only control plasma glucose but also reduce macrovascular complications. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone synthesized in and secreted by enteroendocrine L cells in
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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) is a 33 amino acid proglucagon-derived peptide produced by a subset of enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) residing within the epithelium of the small and large intestine ( Yusta et al . 2000 ). GLP2 is
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. 2003 ). In addition, type 2 diabetics also have increased glucagon (GCG) secretion from pancreatic α-cells and inappropriately increased serum levels of GCG ( Goke 2008 ). Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and other incretin hormones promote glucose
Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Physiology, Division of Endocrinology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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hypothesized that dexamethasone may enhance postprandial insulin secretion by increasing meal-stimulated incretin hormone secretion and/or by increasing parasympathetic input to the pancreas. The incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose
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( Bjorbaek & Kahn 2004 ). Leptin also inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in the arcuate nucleus and in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus ( Minokoshi et al . 2004 ). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), a gastrointestinal hormone
Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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approval of three new drug classes available for the treatment of T2D, including the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and the sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Although
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endocrine organs, including ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), and oxyntomodulin ( Huda et al . 2006 , Näslund & Hellstrom 2007 , Wren & Bloom 2007 ). While of these, ghrelin is
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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. 2015 , Buse et al . 2016 ). Interestingly, this is not the only evidence for a therapeutic role of the gut in diabetes treatment. Over the past decade, incretin-based therapies including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl
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Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of
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Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of
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.c.v. bolus infusion, isotope dilution and blood sampling were conducted to permit measurement of endogenous glucose production (EGP), and the concentration of plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T 3 and T 4
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chemiluminescent visualization. Antibodies Antibodies against full-length APP (ab32136), BACE2 (ab8025), glucagon (ab10988), IDE (ab32216) and the insulin receptor (ab69508) were purchased from Abcam. Antibodies against insulin (L6B10), p-GSK3β (D3A4), GSK3