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Tatiane da Silva Faria Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Flávia de Bittencourt Brasil Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Francisco J B Sampaio Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Cristiane da Fonte Ramos Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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K Fujiwara H Suginami H Liao S Mori T 1992 Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptor in the human ovary throughout the menstrual cycle in relation to estrogen and progesterone receptor expression . Human Reproduction 7

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C D Simmons
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J M P Pabona
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Z Zeng
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M C Velarde
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D Gaddy
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F A Simmen
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R C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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Introduction The steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) regulates numerous physiological and developmental processes in target tissues by binding to its cognate receptors estrogen receptor-α (ESR1) and -β (ESR2) in the presence of numerous co

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Ynuk Bossé Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5

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contracting airway smooth muscle (ASM), or indirectly, by increasing or decreasing the responsiveness to spasmogens and bronchodilators. Their effect can also require supplementary intermediates. For example, estrogen, testosterone, and leptin act, at least

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Karen Kar-Loen Chan Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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Thomas Ho-Yin Leung Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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David Wai Chan Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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Na Wei Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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Grace Tak-Yi Lau Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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Stephanie Si Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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Michelle K-Y Siu Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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Hextan Yuen-Sheung Ngan Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong

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inhibits proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells . Endocrinology 142 4120 – 4130 . ( doi:10.1210/endo.142.9.8395 ) Lindgren PR Cajander S Backstrom T Gustafsson JA Makela S Olofsson JI 2004 Estrogen and progesterone receptors

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Cuili Wang State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China

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Dongteng Liu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China

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Weiting Chen Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China

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Wei Ge Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China

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Wanshu Hong State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China

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Yong Zhu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Shi X Chen State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Introduction Gonadal steroid hormones play key roles in regulating gametogenesis, but they also exert both positive and negative feedback effects at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels. In tetrapod vertebrates, progesterone (P4) is the

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G Basini Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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S Bussolati Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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S E Santini Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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F Bianchi Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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M Careri Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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A Mangia Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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M Musci Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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F Grasselli Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Biotecnologie Veterinarie, Qualità e Sicurezza degli Alimenti - Sezione di Fisiologia Veterinaria

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's arteritis and lupus, suggests a possible role for estrogens in angiogenesis ( Ahmed et al . 1985 , Shelhamer et al . 1985 ). Experimental evidence further supports the involvement of these steroids in physiological and pathological vascularization; among

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Adam C Guzzo Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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Tyler Pollock Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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Denys deCatanzaro Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone in perspiration and urine of preadolescents and young adults: exceptional levels in men's axillary perspiration . Hormone and Metabolic Research 40 819 – 826 . ( doi:10.1055/s-0028-1082042 ) Pfaff DW 1980 Estrogens

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James Bowe Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Xiao Feng Li Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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James Kinsey-Jones Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Arne Heyerick Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Susan Brain Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Stuart Milligan Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Kevin O’Byrne Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta on progesterone receptor expression and action and on gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 79 247 –258. Schaefer O , Humpel M, Fritzemeier KH, Bohlmann R

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Yaxiong Huang Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sinopharm Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, PR China

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Zihan Wang Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China

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Bin Li Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sinopharm Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, PR China

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Lina Ke Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Sinopharm Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, PR China

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Yao Xiong Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China

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Yuanzhen Zhang Department of Reproductive Medicine center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China
Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Science and Birth Health, Wuhan Hubei Province, PR China

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of epithelial cells in the endometrium. In contrast, progesterone inhibits estrogen-induced epithelial cell proliferation, thus promoting the secretory transformation of endometrial epithelial cells ( Ye 2020 ). Changes in the activity of estrogen and

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Paul R Shorten AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Erin L Legacki Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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Pascale Chavatte-Palmer Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, France

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Alan J Conley Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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, which is essential for the synthesis of estrogens, is a feature of pregnancy shared between humans ( Diczfalusy 1969 ) and horses ( Conley 2016 , Raeside 2017 ). Historically, in the case of human pregnancies, this has had diagnostic utility in that low

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