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Introduction Biological actions of growth hormone (GH) are initiated by binding to specific receptors (GH receptors; GHRs) localized on the cell surface membrane of central and peripheral target tissues. These GHRs belong to the
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Introduction Much has been written about the effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH-deficient human subjects on growth, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, bone and muscle development and quality of life. When properly
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Introduction The GH–IGF axis is essential for growth and development before and after birth and has important anabolic and metabolic functions in adults. Its role during pregnancy has been less understood and is the primary focus of this
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Inserm, APHP, Unit 845, Research Center Growth and Signaling, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Necker site, Paris 75015, France
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dopamine and Pit-1 (listed as POU1F1 in the MGI Database) independent. Various factors have been proposed to regulate PRL gene expression in extrapituitary sites, e.g. insulin, transforming growth factor-β or progesterone in adipose tissue ( Zinger et al
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Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Introduction This review on growth hormone (GH) and Klotho covers novel findings on a well-known hormone, the first to be extracted and characterized from the pituitary gland, and a more recently, accidentally discovered multifunctional protein. To
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Introduction Aberrant fetal growth affects as many as 7% of babies – ∼50 000 infants born each year in the UK ( Population, Censuses & Surveys Office 2007 ). Many infants born with inadequate growth (fetal growth restriction; FGR) die, and others
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Introduction Linear bone growth results from proliferation, hypertropy, and matrix production of cartilage cells in the growth plate, at whose metaphyseal end bone replaces the cartilage. Characterizing the activities of the growth
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The Endocrine Unit, Cobbold Laboratories, Middlesex Hospital, London win 8aa *Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London wcin 1eh REVISED MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED 26 April 1988
Introduction
The human growth curve divides into three distinct time-spans. There is a period of rapid and rapidly decelerating growth during infancy. This changes in the third year to a period of steady and slowly decelerating growth during childhood. Growth is completed by the adolescent growth spurt which, because it occurs later and is slightly greater in magnitude in boys than in girls, accounts for the sex differences in adult height.
Growth in infancy
Clinical observation of patients born with congenital hypopituitarism indicates clearly that growth hormone is important for growth from the day of birth. On the other hand, it seems likely that nutritional influences play the major role in fetal and infantile growth; such
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Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Introduction Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a thin layer of cartilage entrapped between epiphyseal and metaphyseal bones, at the distal ends of the long bones ( Kronenberg 2003 ). In the growth plate, immature cells lie toward
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Introduction In humans, the rate of longitudinal bone growth, and hence the rate of overall linear growth, decreases with age. The prenatal linear growth rate exceeds 100 cm/year. However, by the time of birth, the growth rate
