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Alfonso Saera-Vila Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (CSIC), Fish Nutrition and Growth Endocrinology, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain

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Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (CSIC), Fish Nutrition and Growth Endocrinology, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain

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Jaume Pérez-Sánchez Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre la Sal (CSIC), Fish Nutrition and Growth Endocrinology, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595 Castellón, Spain

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Introduction Biological actions of growth hormone (GH) are initiated by binding to specific receptors (GH receptors; GHRs) localized on the cell surface membrane of central and peripheral target tissues. These GHRs belong to the

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John A H Wass Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK

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Raghava Reddy Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK

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Introduction Much has been written about the effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH-deficient human subjects on growth, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, bone and muscle development and quality of life. When properly

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Harleen Kaur Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Beverly S Muhlhausler CSIRO Nutrition and Health, Adelaide, Australia

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Claire T Roberts Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia

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Kathryn L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Introduction The GH–IGF axis is essential for growth and development before and after birth and has important anabolic and metabolic functions in adults. Its role during pregnancy has been less understood and is the primary focus of this

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Sophie Bernichtein Inserm, APHP, Unit 845, Research Center Growth and Signaling, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Necker site, Paris 75015, France

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Philippe Touraine Inserm, APHP, Unit 845, Research Center Growth and Signaling, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Necker site, Paris 75015, France
Inserm, APHP, Unit 845, Research Center Growth and Signaling, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Necker site, Paris 75015, France

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Vincent Goffin Inserm, APHP, Unit 845, Research Center Growth and Signaling, University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Necker site, Paris 75015, France

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dopamine and Pit-1 (listed as POU1F1 in the MGI Database) independent. Various factors have been proposed to regulate PRL gene expression in extrapituitary sites, e.g. insulin, transforming growth factor-β or progesterone in adipose tissue ( Zinger et al

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Christoph Schmid Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Marian C Neidert Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Oliver Tschopp Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Lisa Sze Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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René L Bernays Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland

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Introduction This review on growth hormone (GH) and Klotho covers novel findings on a well-known hormone, the first to be extracted and characterized from the pituitary gland, and a more recently, accidentally discovered multifunctional protein. To

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Karen Forbes School of Biomedicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK

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Melissa Westwood School of Biomedicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK

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Introduction Aberrant fetal growth affects as many as 7% of babies – ∼50 000 infants born each year in the UK ( Population, Censuses & Surveys Office 2007 ). Many infants born with inadequate growth (fetal growth restriction; FGR) die, and others

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J Cruickshank Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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D I Grossman Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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R K Peng Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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T R Famula Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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A M Oberbauer Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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Introduction Linear bone growth results from proliferation, hypertropy, and matrix production of cartilage cells in the growth plate, at whose metaphyseal end bone replaces the cartilage. Characterizing the activities of the growth

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C. G. D. Brook
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P. C. Hindmarsh
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R. Stanhope
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The Endocrine Unit, Cobbold Laboratories, Middlesex Hospital, London win 8aa *Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London wcin 1eh REVISED MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED 26 April 1988

Introduction

The human growth curve divides into three distinct time-spans. There is a period of rapid and rapidly decelerating growth during infancy. This changes in the third year to a period of steady and slowly decelerating growth during childhood. Growth is completed by the adolescent growth spurt which, because it occurs later and is slightly greater in magnitude in boys than in girls, accounts for the sex differences in adult height.

Growth in infancy

Clinical observation of patients born with congenital hypopituitarism indicates clearly that growth hormone is important for growth from the day of birth. On the other hand, it seems likely that nutritional influences play the major role in fetal and infantile growth; such

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Joyce Emons
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Andrei S Chagin Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Torun Malmlöf Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Magnus Lekman Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Åsa Tivesten Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Claes Ohlsson Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan M Wit
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Marcel Karperien Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Lars Sävendahl Department of Paediatrics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a thin layer of cartilage entrapped between epiphyseal and metaphyseal bones, at the distal ends of the long bones ( Kronenberg 2003 ). In the growth plate, immature cells lie toward

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Lenneke Schrier Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Sandra P Ferns Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Kevin M Barnes Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Joyce A M Emons Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Eric I Newman Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Ola Nilsson Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Jeffrey Baron Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, CRC, Room 1-3330, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Introduction In humans, the rate of longitudinal bone growth, and hence the rate of overall linear growth, decreases with age. The prenatal linear growth rate exceeds 100 cm/year. However, by the time of birth, the growth rate

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