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Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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CNS, particularly the hypothalamus, plays a key role in modulating insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in vivo ( Knight et al. 2011 , Purkayastha et al. 2011 , Yang et al. 2012 ). Furthermore, changes in the levels of some nutrients
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, several factors such as increased levels of hormones, cytokines and factors secreted by the tumor as well as deregulation of control by the hypothalamus of energy expenditure and hunger/satiety promote cancer cachexia ( Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 Tumor
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, Collage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, Collage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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and energy expenditure, which are tightly controlled by the CNS ( Morton et al. 2006 ). The CNS controls the important aspects of metabolism, particularly in the hypothalamus, where neurons directly respond to physiological changes such as hunger and
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-stimulating properties of pituitary gonadotropin, the relative insignificance of gonadal nerves to gonadal function and the concept of neurosecretion. The problem for Harris and his fellow neuroendocrinologists was how did the hypothalamus regulate the secretion of the
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nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Kisspeptin also appears to be under the circadian control, as evidenced by studies showing that increases in kisspeptin expression in the AVPV of the hypothalamus are synchronous with the LH surge during proestrus in
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Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biotechnology Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
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conditions, gene expression of oxytocin in the hypothalamus as well as the concentration of oxytocin in the peripheral circulation and in the brain is increased. Vasopressin is released particularly in response to stress stimuli with an osmotic component
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testes, ovaries, pancreas and small intestine ( Kotani et al. 2001 , Muir et al. 2001 , Ohtaki et al. 2001 ). Significantly, kisspeptin was discovered and mapped in the brain, expressed in the rodent hypothalamus, specifically within neurons
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addition to their reproductive effects. In this paper, the central neuropeptides related to energy and reproduction in the hypothalamus and their possible pathways with GnRH neurons are described, and the increasingly prominent metabolic effects of
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lamina terminalis contained the OVLT, the MnPO and the SFO and the samples of the hypothalamus contained the bilateral PVN and the SON from each animal. The brain tissues were homogenized in extraction buffer (pH = 7.4) containing (in mM) 20 Tris
Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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addition, as rats treated with GH or GHRP-6 showed increased levels of phosphorylated Akt in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum, but not of ERKs1/2 ( Frago et al . 2002 ), and Akt is a central regulator of survival, growth and proliferation