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, strains, and metabolites and how each influences aspects of host metabolism. In addition, determining directionality in the host-microbe relationship that leads to actionable outcomes in metabolic disease is an important challenge. It is critical to

early pioneering bacteria in the newborn and may be a prime candidate for intergenerational transmission of metabolic disease risk given the considerable influence these microbes have on gut function and immune system development. The newborn gut begins

used for treating obesity and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia in rodents ( Villarroya et al. 2013 , 2017 , Wang et al. 2015 ). As stated previously, PCOS is frequently accompanied by abnormal metabolism ( Balen et al

relationship between p53, metabolism and metabolic diseases has become a new focal point for p53 researchers ( Sano et al . 2007 , Vousden & Ryan 2009 , Berkers et al . 2013 ). This review will cover the role of p53 in metabolism, with focus on its role in

metalloreductase has not been examined in the context of metabolic diseases. Several other iron-regulating genes have been recognized as important to both inflammation and metabolic disorders including lipocalin-2 ( Wang et al. 2007 ), hepcidin and ferritin

Wellcome Trust and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical research centre for continuing support of research in the area of obesity and related metabolic disease. Reference Ahima RS Prabakaran D Mantzoros C Qu D Lowell B Maratos-Flier E Flier JS 1996

tools and techniques have revealed close associations between bacteria and metabolic diseases. However, maintenance of a gnotobiotic status is expensive and requires experienced staff, and the available facilities for GF animals are limited. Further

12 21–45 ♂ Chondronikola et al . (2014) and Lee et al . (2014 c ) Concluding remarks In the long pursuit of better understanding and more effective therapeutics for metabolic disease, we have become aware that many of

ERs to various aspects of metabolic disease, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. The onset of menopause dramatically increases the risk for women to develop disease states coupled to the metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, CVD

and metabolite is crucial. The ratio of urinary 5α- and 5β-reduced GC metabolites, primarily influenced by the liver, is altered in metabolic disease ( Andrew et al . 1998 , Fraser et al . 1999 , Rask et al . 2001 , 2002 ). Indeed, this was the