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Catalina Sierra-Ramos Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Silvia Velazquez-Garcia Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Arianna Vastola-Mascolo Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Guadalberto Hernández Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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Nourdine Faresse Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Diego Alvarez de la Rosa Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

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-induced protein sgk . PNAS 2514 – 2519 . ( https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.5.2514 ) Cornier MA Dabelea D Hernandez TL Lindstrom RC Steig AJ Stob NR Van Pelt RE Wang H Eckel RH 2008 The metabolic syndrome . Endocrine Reviews 777

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S Otabe
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N Wada
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T Hashinaga
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X Yuan
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I Shimokawa Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Investigative Pathology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan

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T Fukutani
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K Tanaka
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T Ohki
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Y Kurita
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H Nakayama
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K Yamada
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and its circulating levels are inversely proportional to body fat content ( Arita et al . 1999 ). Thus, hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in metabolic syndrome ( Hotta et al . 2000 , Okamoto et al

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Renato Simões Gaspar Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

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Renata Ohana Alves Benevides Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

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João Lucas de Lima Fontelles Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

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Caroline Castro Vale Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

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Lucas Martins França Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

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Paulo de Tarso Silva Barros Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil

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Introduction Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have escalating prevalence worldwide and have reached an epidemic proportion, affecting the world population regardless of ethnicity or Human Development Index ( O’Neill & O’Driscoll 2015

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Tommaso Mello Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Sandra Filippi Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Maneschi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Francesca Corcetto Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Chiara Corno Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Erica Sarchielli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Annamaria Morelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Rapizzi Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Bani Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Guasti Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Gabriella Barbara Vannelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Andrea Galli Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Luciano Adorini Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York, USA

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. – Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. – Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
Gynecologic Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a wide range of cardiometabolic risk conditions, including coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( Corona et al. 2007 ). Among

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S Patterson School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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P R Flatt School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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L Brennan School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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P Newsholme School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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N H McClenaghan School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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subjects, especially those with impaired renal function ( Buysschaert et al. 2000 ). Diabetes is a complex disorder and a major disease of the so-called metabolic syndrome. As such, the diabetic group encompasses individuals with elevated homocysteine

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Umberto Simeoni Division of Pediatrics & DOHaD Laboratory, CHUV University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Clive Osmond MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Ricardo Garay Craven, Villemoisson-sur-Orge, France

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Christophe Buffat Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France

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Farid Boubred Division of Neonatology, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France

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Christophe Chagnaud Division of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France

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Elisabeth Jouve UPCET, Clinical Pharmacology, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France

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Christine Audebert UPCET, Clinical Pharmacology, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France

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Jean-Michel Antoine Danone Institute International, Paris, France

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Kent Thornburg Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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individual to be vulnerable for the metabolic syndrome (T2DM, high plasma triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol and hypertension) ( Barker 2000 ). Low birthweight babies have decreased muscle mass in infancy ( Robinson et al . 1991 ), a condition maintained

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Shaodong Guo Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA

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Metabolic syndrome, also known as insulin resistance syndrome, has become a major public health problem worldwide. It consists of obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for

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A Feraco Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Teams 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France

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A Armani Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy

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R Urbanet INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Teams 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France

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A Nguyen Dinh Cat INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Teams 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France

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V Marzolla Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy

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F Jaisser INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Teams 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France

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M Caprio Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy

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Introduction Obesity represents a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by the co-occurrence of clinical conditions strongly associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases (CDVs). Adipose tissue

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Salla Nuutinen Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Liisa Ailanen Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Eriika Savontaus Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Petteri Rinne Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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, has been well established in large epidemiological studies ( Kannel & McGee 1979 , Turner et al. 1998 ). In metabolic syndrome, diabetes adds the risk for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerotic complications, as metabolic syndrome with diabetes

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Jodi F Evans Biomedical Research Core, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Outcomes Research, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Somnoquest Company Ltd., Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 505-B, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
Biomedical Research Core, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Outcomes Research, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Somnoquest Company Ltd., Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 505-B, Mineola, New York 11501, USA

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Shahidul Islam Biomedical Research Core, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Outcomes Research, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Somnoquest Company Ltd., Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 505-B, Mineola, New York 11501, USA

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Yoshihiro Urade Biomedical Research Core, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Outcomes Research, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Somnoquest Company Ltd., Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 505-B, Mineola, New York 11501, USA

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Naomi Eguchi Biomedical Research Core, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Outcomes Research, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Somnoquest Company Ltd., Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 505-B, Mineola, New York 11501, USA

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Louis Ragolia Biomedical Research Core, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Outcomes Research, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Somnoquest Company Ltd., Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 505-B, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
Biomedical Research Core, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Outcomes Research, Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Somnoquest Company Ltd., Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 505-B, Mineola, New York 11501, USA

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features of metabolic syndrome with age independent of diet As expected, the HF diet increased body weight among both the C57BL/6 mice and the L-PGDS KO mice. Weight gain by the HF-fed L-PGDS KO mice was greater and more rapid when compared with the C57BL/6

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