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M J Devlin Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C Grasemann Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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A M Cloutier Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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L Louis Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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C Alm Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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M R Palmert Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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M L Bouxsein Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Hospital for Sick Children, The University of Toronto, Kinderklinik UK‐Essen, The University of Duisburg‐Essen, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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origins ( Rosen & Bouxsein 2006 ). As obesity and osteoporosis are examples of so-called ‘later in life diseases’, which might be programmed very early in life, their origins may lie in the perinatal environment. Previous studies have demonstrated that

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Alison Mostyn UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Linda Attig UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Thibaut Larcher UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Samir Dou UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Pascale Chavatte-Palmer UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Monia Boukthir UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Arieh Gertler UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Jean Djiane UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Michael E Symonds UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Latifa Abdennebi-Najar UP 2012.10.101 EGEAL, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, INRA UMR 703, INRA, Unité de Recherche 04UR08/03, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unité NOPA, Early Life Research Unit, Institut Polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France

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Development 8 137 – 145 . ( doi:10.1071/RD9960137 ) Guilloteau P Zabielski R Hammon HM Metges CC 2010 Nutritional programming of gastrointestinal tract development. Is the pig a good model for man? Nutrition Research Reviews 23 4 – 22

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María Florencia Heber Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvana Rocío Ferreira Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Giselle Adriana Abruzzese Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Raíces Trinidad Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Omar P Pignataro Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Margarita Vega Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Biología Reproductiva, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago de Chile, Chile

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Alicia B Motta Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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diseases in later life ( Fernandez-Twinn et al. 2015 ). This phenomenon, called fetal programming, is known to be the cause of several diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes ( Godfrey & Barker 2001 ). Several studies have reported

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Alison V Roland Departments of, Medicine, Cell Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800578, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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Craig S Nunemaker Departments of, Medicine, Cell Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800578, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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Susanna R Keller Departments of, Medicine, Cell Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800578, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
Departments of, Medicine, Cell Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800578, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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Suzanne M Moenter Departments of, Medicine, Cell Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800578, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
Departments of, Medicine, Cell Biology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800578, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA

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Introduction Developmental programing by steroid hormones is important to establish sex differences in the reproductive tract and in other physiological systems. Androgen levels surge during gestation and postnatally in the male ( Tapanainen et al

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Christophe Breton Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, UPRES EA 4489, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université Lille‐Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France

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and high birth weight predisposing for the onset of later obesity. Originally called the Barker hypothesis or foetal programming, these observations have led to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis ( Fernandez

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Clare M Reynolds Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Mark H Vickers Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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reproductive disorders in offspring during adulthood. This relationship is preferentially termed ‘developmental programming’ or the ‘Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease’ (DOHaD). Original observations by Professor David Barker highlighted the

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Isabela Teixeira Bonomo Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Patrícia Cristina Lisboa Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Magna Cottini Fonseca Passos Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Simone Bezerra Alves Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Adelina Martha Reis Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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Egberto Gaspar de Moura Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas - 5o andar, Departamento de Nutrição Aplicada, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes

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lactation, and future functional state is called programming ( Lucas 1994 , Barker 2004 , de Moura & Passos 2005 ). Lactation is a critical period because in this phase important cognitive and neurological development occurs, which suggests that adverse

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Isabela Teixeira Bonomo Departmento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
Departmenté Nutrição Aplicada, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Patricia Cristina Lisboa Departmento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
Departmenté Nutrição Aplicada, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Analaura Ribeiro Pereira Departmento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
Departmenté Nutrição Aplicada, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Magna Cottini Fonseca Passos Departmento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
Departmenté Nutrição Aplicada, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Egberto Gaspar de Moura Departmento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil
Departmenté Nutrição Aplicada, Instituto de Nutrição, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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, Cravo et al. 2002 , Teixeira et al. 2002 , 2003 , Vicente et al. 2004 , Lins et al. 2005 ). This association has been denominated as metabolic imprinting or programing, which is defined as a biological phenomenon that determines relationship

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P W F Hadoke Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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R S Lindsay Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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J R Seckl Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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B R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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C J Kenyon Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Introduction Prenatal ‘programming’ of physiological responses ( Barker et al. 1993 ), which could explain the association of low birth weight with increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adulthood ( Barker et al

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J S M Cuffe School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia

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E L Turton School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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L K Akison School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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H Bielefeldt-Ohmann School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia

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K M Moritz School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

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Introduction Maternal stress can impair foetal growth and program offspring susceptibility to adult onset disease ( Cottrell & Seckl 2009 ). Stress-induced impairment of foetal development is mediated by elevated maternal glucocorticoids

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