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Kook Hwan Kim Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea

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Myung-Shik Lee Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea

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of the beneficial metabolic effects of several therapeutic agents ( Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 Functional role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secreted from multiple organs in response to diverse stresses or stimuli. FGF21 expression is induced in

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M J F Newson Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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G R Pope Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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E M Roberts Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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S J Lolait Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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A-M O'Carroll Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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multiple homeostatic perturbations. These include regulation of fluid ( O'Carroll & Lolait 2003 ) and cardiovascular homeostasis ( Ishida et al . 2004 ), the stress response ( O'Carroll et al . 2003 ), food intake ( Taheri et al . 2002 ), gastric cell

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Shan-xue Jin Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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David A Dickson Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Neuroscence Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jamie Maguire Neuroscence Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Larry A Feig Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Neuroscence Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Introduction The body’s reaction to environmental stressors involves sequential hormone release in the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis ( McEwen 2007 ). These perturbations stimulate cortisone (corticosterone in rodents) (CORT

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Christian Tudorache Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands

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Marcel J M Schaaf Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands

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Hans Slabbekoorn Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction All vertebrates exhibit physiological responses to stress, which are at the basis of appropriate behavioural adaptation. The amplitude and profile of these responses depend on the intensity, duration, controllability and predictability

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Roman A Romanov Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Alán Alpár MTA-SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Tomas Hökfelt Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Tibor Harkany Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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that the co-localization of CRH with secretagogin is a defining hallmark of ‘stress on’ CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Organization of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis: from systems to molecules The

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Ann T Hanna-Mitchell Departments of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Amanda Wolf-Johnston Departments of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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James R Roppolo Departments of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Tony C A Buffington Departments of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Lori A Birder Departments of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Departments of Medicine-Renal Electrolyte Division, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a 41-amino acid hypothalamic neuropeptide ( Vale et al . 1981 ), plays a central role in the orchestration of behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress ( Stengel & Tache 2010 ). This

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Saadia Basharat
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Jennifer A Parker Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Kevin G Murphy
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Stephen R Bloom
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Julia C Buckingham Division of Diabetes, University College London, Brunel University, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK

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Christopher D John
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inhibitory role in the regulation of the HPA axis ( Maffei et al . 1995 ). Leptin administration blunts the restraint stress-induced activation of the HPA axis in mice ( Heiman et al . 1997 ) and can directly inhibit ACTH-stimulated cortisol

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Katherine N Makowski Animal Care Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Michael J Kreisman Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Richard B McCosh Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Ali A Raad Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Kellie M Breen Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Introduction It is well accepted that stress can impair reproduction by suppressing gonadotropin secretion; yet, the various factors and neural mechanisms mediating the response to stress are still poorly defined. Acute immune or inflammatory

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Jiju Wang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Yunhui Tang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Songcun Wang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Liyuan Cui Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Dajin Li Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Meirong Du Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction In modern society, young women face extensive social and life pressures. Long-term sustained or acute stress can lead to a pathological state that impacts the reproductive system ( Frazier et al. 2018 , Wang et al. 2019

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Catherine Garrel
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Paul A Fowler Laboratoire de Biologie du Stress Oxydant, Institute of Medical Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département de Biologie Intégrée, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France

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Kaïs H Al-Gubory Laboratoire de Biologie du Stress Oxydant, Institute of Medical Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Département de Biologie Intégrée, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France

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to be one of the central elements in the mechanisms involved in cell function, growth, differentiation and death ( Valko et al . 2007 ). An increase in ROS generation beyond the ability of antioxidative protection, i.e. oxidative stress, potentially

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