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Introduction Adiponectin is a hormone that is produced predominantly by adipocytes ( Scherer et al. 1995 ), and has been shown to have anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties ( Trujillo & Scherer 2005

Introduction There is sufficient evidence that adipose tissue is not only an energy storage organ, but it produces and secretes a variety of bioactive molecules called adipocytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, leptin, adiponectin, plasminogen

Introduction Adipokines are hormones that are secreted by adipose tissue. While several adipokines regulate appetite and energy expenditure ( Trayhurn & Bing 2006 ), the most abundant protein produced by adipocytes is adiponectin, a protein first

( Chaldakov et al. 2003 , Lyon et al. 2003 ). Adiponectin is an important adipokine exclusively secreted from adipose tissue ( Berg et al. 2002 ). Growing evidence suggests that adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing hormone with direct anti

Introduction Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by the adipocytes and downregulated in obesity ( Hotta et al . 2000 ). Low levels of circulating adiponectin appear to contribute to the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and

Introduction Secreted by adipocytes, adiponectin is a collagen-like protein with significant roles in regulating the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Low plasma adiponectin levels are associated with insulin resistance and risk

Introduction White adipose tissue, well known to be important for lipid storage, has emerged also as an important endocrine organ. One of the key hormones secreted from mature adipocytes is adiponectin. A high plasma level of adiponectin is

hypertension, atherosclerosis, and inflammation ( Mattu & Randeva 2013 ). Adiponectin, the most abundant protein secreted by the adipose tissue ( Arita et al . 1999 ) and circulating in human plasma as multimeric forms ( Liu & Liu 2012 ), has been associated

showed that adipocytes were capable of releasing numerous vasoactive factors, as well as other cells that present within fat tissues, leading to CKD and CVD in MS ( Chu et al . 2001 , Yaturu et al . 2007 ). Adiponectin is a novel adipocyte

cytokines such as leptin, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), and adiponectin ( Mora & Pessin 2002 ). Adiponectin is a recently discovered protein of 30 kDa exclusively synthesized and secreted from adipocytes, which circulates at high levels (5–30 μg