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release from stimulated macrophages ( Yoshizaki et al . 2010 , Zhang et al . 2010 ). Myeloid-cell-specific deletion of Sirt1 increases macrophage infiltration into the liver and adipose tissues, as well as production of proinflammatory cytokines, and
Department of Cell Biology, Aging Science, and Pharmacology, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Prolonged RANKL stimulation induces Tnfa expression via the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in BMCs Adipose tissue macrophages, some recruited from bone marrow-derived macrophages, contribute to
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Introduction Accumulation of inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue (AT) during obesity has been shown to correlate with AT inflammation and subsequent insulin resistance (IR; Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al . 2003 ). In addition, the
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Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama, Japan
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JST, PRESTO, Saitama, Japan
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Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama, Japan
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of polarity, namely inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 ( Fujisaka et al. 2009 ). Most resident macrophages in the lean visceral adipose tissue are classified as M2, whereas M1-macrophages increase when adipose tissue expands in obesity and
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tibiae were removed aseptically and dissected free of adherent soft tissue. The bone ends were cut and the marrow cavity was flushed out with α-MEM (minimum essential media) from one end of the bone, using a sterile 21-gauge needle. The bone marrow was
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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resolution of 10.5 μm with a 55 kVp X-ray for measurement of trabecular bone microstructure. Trabecular bone parameters were analyzed as described previously ( Cheng et al. 2014 ). Marrow adipose tissue was visualized and quantified as described ( Scheller
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Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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-adrenergic signaling during CR shows differing roles in terms of facilitating bone loss and marrow fat accumulation ( Baek & Bloomfield 2012 , Baek et al. 2014 b ). It was also recently reported that marrow adipose tissue has a blunted response to adrenergic
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) increase of adipose tissue ( Burkhardt et al. 1987 ). Discussion In our research, we addressed to the impact of INF-γ gene delivery on bone and bone marrow in osteopenic and healthy mice. The intramuscular route for injection of the INF-γ DNA
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been demonstrated that central leptin treatment not only inhibits pre-adipocyte differentiation ( Venken et al . 2007 ), but also induces adipocyte apoptosis in both extramedullary white adipose tissue and bone marrow ( Qian et al . 1998 , Hamrick
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Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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on bone cell functions, and thus, on bone mass, that possibly overcomes the impact of bone-acting circulating hormones. Indeed, conditions that are characterized by increased visceral adiposity are associated with increased bone marrow fat and reduced