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Vishwajit Sur Chowdhury Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan

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Takayoshi Ubuka Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan

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Tomohiro Osugi Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan

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Taichi Shimura Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan

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Kazuyoshi Tsutsui Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan

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(LPXRFa peptide) group is considered to be the largest one. We recently identified several LPXRFa peptides in the brain of various vertebrates. We first identified a novel neuropeptide with a C-terminal LPLRFa motif in the quail brain ( Tsutsui et al

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Jordan E Hamden Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Katherine M Gray Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Melody Salehzadeh Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Kiran K Soma Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Introduction The effects of early-life stress (ELS) are profound, long lasting, and diverse. ELS impacts growth, metabolism, immunity, brain physiology, and behavior ( Meaney & Plotsky 2000 , Lehmann et al. 2002 , Levine 2002 , Bilbo et

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Daniel J Tobiansky Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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George V Kachkovski Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia

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Reilly T Enos Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA

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Kim L Schmidt Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia

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E Angela Murphy Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA

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Kiran K Soma Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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. 2009 for review). In contrast to these well-known metabolic effects, little is known about how chronic sucrose consumption alters behaviour and the brain ( Rada et al. 2005 , Reichelt et al. 2016 ). Chronic sugar intake in rodents impairs short

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Marian Joëls Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Variation in brain exposure to corticosteroid hormones Humans or rodents that are exposed to potentially threatening situations (i.e. stressors, subjectively experienced as ‘stress’) are able to trigger a hormonal response that promotes

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Pauline Campos College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

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Jamie J Walker College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

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Patrice Mollard IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France

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many years focused firmly on the neural control of the pituitary gland, the neuroendocrinology field has grown wider and now includes studying the effect of centrally produced hormones on various brain areas, as well as the role of several peripherally

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Juan Bernal Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction The actions of thyroid hormones (TH) on brain develop­ment and function are among the more relevant of these hormones, strongly influencing neuromotor performance, cognition and mood. Multiple conditions cause impaired TH action

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Muneki Ikeda Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Yasushi Hojo Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Masahiro Okamoto Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Asami Kato Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Taishi Takeda Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Suguru Kawato Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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), the CORT level changes in both the plasma and brain along the circadian rhythm ( Migeon et al . 1956 , Moore & Eichler 1972 , Qian et al . 2012 ). Qian et al . showed the high synchronicity of CORT oscillation between the blood and hippocampus by

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Elena Conte Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Adele Romano Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy

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Michela De Bellis Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Marialuisa de Ceglia Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy

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Maria Rosaria Carratù Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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Silvana Gaetani Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy

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Fatima Maqoud Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Domenico Tricarico Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

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Claudia Camerino Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘V. Erspamer’, SAPIENZA University, Rome, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (Section of Pharmacology), School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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-Oxtr vector ( Kasahara et al. 2013 ). We previously demonstrated that Oxt regulates the response to cold stress (CS) in mice through a feed-forward loop in the brain ( Camerino et al. 2017 ). Gene expression analysis shows that mRNA levels of Oxtr are

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Lili Guo Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Penghua Fang Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Mei Yu Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Mingyi Shi Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Ping Bo Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Zhenwen Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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the CNS, alarin-like immunoreactivity was observed in a variety of areas throughout the entire brain, mainly distributed in the locus coeruleus, the locus subcoeruleus of midbrains and hindbrains in rats, the medial preoptic area, the accessory

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James Bowe Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Xiao Feng Li Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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James Kinsey-Jones Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Arne Heyerick Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Susan Brain Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Stuart Milligan Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Kevin O’Byrne Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King’s College London, 2.36D New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Cardiovascular Division, New Hunt’s House, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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thermoregulatory regions of the brain are likely to be involved, the aetiology of hot flushes is still relatively unclear. Investigations into the role of oestrogen withdrawal in hot flushes have generally assumed it to be a central effect, but this is without any

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