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Shaodong Guo Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 South 1st Street, Bldg. 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA

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molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels. Part 1: molecular basis of insulin signaling Insulin and signal transduction studies have resulted in breakthroughs in the area of diabetes and biomedical research. Innovative attempts at insulin purification

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Young Hoon Son Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Seok-Jin Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Ki-Baek Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Jin-Haeng Lee Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Eui Man Jeong Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Sun Gun Chung Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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Sang-Chul Park Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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In-Gyu Kim Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Human–Environment Interface Biology, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak‐ro, Jongno‐Gu, Seoul 110‐799, Korea

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protein synthesis through inhibition of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling. Glucocorticoid-induced REDD1 inhibits mTOR by stabilizing the TSC1–TSC2 complex, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of both eIF4E-binding protein 1 and

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Markus Meier Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D- 23538 Lübeck, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Curschmann-Klinik, Timmendorfer Strand, Germany

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Harald H Klein Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D- 23538 Lübeck, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Curschmann-Klinik, Timmendorfer Strand, Germany

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Jan Kramer Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D- 23538 Lübeck, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Curschmann-Klinik, Timmendorfer Strand, Germany

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Maren Drenckhan Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D- 23538 Lübeck, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Curschmann-Klinik, Timmendorfer Strand, Germany

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Morten Schütt Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D- 23538 Lübeck, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Curschmann-Klinik, Timmendorfer Strand, Germany

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, genes encoding proteins with effects on insulin signaling and/or insulin action are of special interest in order to understand the underlying molecular mechanism of the insulin resistance and to develop effective treatments. Recent studies have

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Sophie E Leney Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK

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Jeremy M Tavaré Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK

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intense investigation. To explore this, we will first discuss how GLUT4 is sequestered away from the plasma membrane in the basal state, and how insulin action may impact on these processes. We will then discuss insulin signalling itself in more detail

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Melanie Tran Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Golam Mostofa Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Michael Picard Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Jianguo Wu Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Li Wang Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Dong-Ju Shin Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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using a glucometer before (0) and after glucose or insulin injection at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The glucose area under curve (AUC) for the GTT and ITT was calculated using GraphPad Prism software. To assess insulin signaling in liver and

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Mi-Hyun Kim
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Jae-Hwan Jee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Sunyoung Park
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Myung-Shik Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Kwang-Won Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Moon-Kyu Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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indicate that the action of metformin on the gut endocrine system may be L-cell-specific and, more precisely, GLP1-specific, and may be distinct from DPP4 inhibition. Recently, it has been reported that the insulin and Wnt signaling pathways converge their

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Georgia Frangioudakis Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Department of Medicine, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney 2010, New South Wales, Australia

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Gregory J Cooney Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Department of Medicine, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney 2010, New South Wales, Australia
Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Department of Medicine, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney 2010, New South Wales, Australia

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mechanism. Studies assessing signalling after acute lipid infusion in rodents and humans have not always produced consistent results. For example, in skeletal muscle from rats, defective insulin action due to acute lipid infusion has been reported to occur

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Mariana Renovato Martins Department of Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 5° andar, Rio de Janeiro 20550-030, Brazil

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Anatalia Kutianski Gonzalez Vieira Department of Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 5° andar, Rio de Janeiro 20550-030, Brazil

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Érica Patrícia Garcia de Souza Department of Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 5° andar, Rio de Janeiro 20550-030, Brazil

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Anibal Sanchez Moura Department of Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87-Fundos, 5° andar, Rio de Janeiro 20550-030, Brazil

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. 2003 ). Furthermore, the main source of energy changes from glucose to fatty acids in the adult heart ( Lopaschuk et al . 2007 ). During this developmental process, cellular insulin signaling is an important mechanism for cardiac development. It has

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Patrícia Oliveira Prada Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Michella Soares Coelho Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Henrique Gottardello Zecchin Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Miriam Sterman Dolnikoff Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Alessandra Lia Gasparetti Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Luzia Naôko Shinohara Furukawa Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Mario José Abdalla Saad Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Joel Claudio Heimann Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Departamento de Clínica Médica, Divisão de Nefrologia, Laboratório de Hipertensão Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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the metabolic effects of insulin. Many mechanisms may contribute to the dysregulation of the insulin signaling pathway, including serine phosphorylation of IRS proteins by protein kinases such as c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) ( Lee et al

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Bruno C Pereira Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Alisson L da Rocha Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Ana P Pinto Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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José R Pauli Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Leandro P de Moura Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Rania A Mekary Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Social and Administrative Sciences, MCPHS University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Ellen C de Freitas School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Adelino S R da Silva Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction The beneficial effects of acute and chronic moderate intensity exercise on the glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells of aging, obese, and sedentary rodents may be mediated by key proteins of the insulin-dependent signaling

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