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S Otabe
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N Wada
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T Hashinaga
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X Yuan
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I Shimokawa Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Investigative Pathology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan

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K Yamada
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and its circulating levels are inversely proportional to body fat content ( Arita et al . 1999 ). Thus, hypoadiponectinemia is closely associated with metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in metabolic syndrome ( Hotta et al . 2000 , Okamoto et al

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S Patterson School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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P R Flatt School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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L Brennan School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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P Newsholme School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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N H McClenaghan School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

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subjects, especially those with impaired renal function ( Buysschaert et al. 2000 ). Diabetes is a complex disorder and a major disease of the so-called metabolic syndrome. As such, the diabetic group encompasses individuals with elevated homocysteine

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Shaodong Guo Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
Division of Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA

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Metabolic syndrome, also known as insulin resistance syndrome, has become a major public health problem worldwide. It consists of obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome is a major risk factor for

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Liping Luo Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, 
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Meilian Liu Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, 
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

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Tobe K 2006 Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome . Journal of Clinical Investigation 116 1784 – 1792 . ( doi:10.1172/JCI29126 ) Kaiyala KJ Ogimoto K Nelson JT

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Xiaofeng Ding Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yan Luo Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xing Zhang Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

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Handong Zheng Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

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Xin Yang Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

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Xuexian Yang Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

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Meilian Liu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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decreased in human obesity, and confer protection against the development of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation induced by high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding through anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 ( Lynch et al . 2009 , 2012 ). Adipose

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Malin Hedengran Faulds
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Chunyan Zhao
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Karin Dahlman-Wright
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Jan-Åke Gustafsson Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden

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–calmodulin-dependent kinases or activation of MAP kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways. Estrogen signaling and metabolic syndrome The metabolic syndrome refers to a group of interrelated metabolic abnormalities that include disturbed glucose homeostasis, insulin

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Shelley Gorman Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Alexander N Larcombe Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia

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Hayley E Christian Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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dysfunction. One increasingly important example of metabolic dysfunction is metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions (high blood pressure, high blood glucose, abdominal adiposity and hyperlipidaemia) that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and

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Lyle Wiemerslage Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Priya A Gohel Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Giulia Maestri Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Torfi G Hilmarsson Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Michel Mickael Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Robert Fredriksson Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Michael J Williams Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Helgi B Schiöth Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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with the Tukey’s honestly significant difference correction. Data are reported as mean±1 s.e.m. Results TMEM18 appears to regulate metabolic syndrome via effects on insulin To find clues for TMEM18 ’s relationship with obesity, we

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Giselle Adriana Abruzzese Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Maria Florencia Heber Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvana Rocio Ferreira Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Leandro Martin Velez Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Roxana Reynoso Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Omar Pedro Pignataro Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Transducción de Señales, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alicia Beatriz Motta Laboratorio de Fisio-patología Ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders that affects women in their reproductive age ( Franks 2003 ) and its clinical manifestations often emerge during puberty ( Rosenfield

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Rachel T Scarl Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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C Martin Lawrence Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA

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Hannah M Gordon Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Craig S Nunemaker Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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, glucose intolerance ( Wellen et al. 2007 ) and hyperglycemia, hallmarks of metabolic syndrome and T2D. Thus, STEAP4 appears to play a protective role against metabolic and proinflammatory stress in adipocytes and adipose tissue. STEAP4 expression

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