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contributing to the programming of adult reproductive function ( Stewart & Cygan 1980 , Clarkson et al. 2009 , Brock et al. 2011 , Kuiri-Hänninen et al. 2013 , Rey 2014 ). The ovary is already receptive to gonadotropins during the infantile period
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Introduction Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has attracted considerable interest in female reproduction as an indicator of reproductive aging and fertility, predicting the size of follicle populations in the ovaries of women and other mammals
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follicle. Our objectives were to (1) detect expression of the FSH receptor (FSHR) in growing bovine preantral follicles; (2) evaluate the global transcriptomic changes in the ovary cortex in response to FSH stimulation; and (3) examine whether FSH induced
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Introduction The mammalian ovary has a finite number of oocytes that are formed in foetal development ( Monniaux et al. 2014 ). During embryonic development, primordial germ cells migrate from the primitive streak through the endoderm to the
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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrine disorder with an incidence rate of 5–10% in women in their reproductive age. Diagnosis is based on the observation of at least two features among anovulation or
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reproductive function in vertebrates ( Baron et al. 2005 , Bertho et al. 2016 ). Its expression in mammals is restricted to the ovary, eyelids and pituitary gland. In the pituitary, FOXL2 is required for transcription of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH
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Introduction Follicles are the functional units of the ovary that consist of oocytes and one or more layers of somatic granulosa cells. Ovarian follicular development is dependent on the proliferation and differentiation of the granulosa cells
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). Likewise, stress-induced catecholaminergic signalling directly affects the ovary, contributing to the development of ovarian cysts and disrupting ovarian follicle maturation ( Paredes et al. 1998 , Dorfman et al. 2003 , Bernuci et al. 2008 ). We
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Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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& O’Brien 1996 , Li et al . 2010 ). However, it is difficult to apply this culture method to higher animals and humans due to the differences in anatomical and physical characteristics of the ovary. Some studies have experimented on the most
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phytoestrogens involve binding cytoplasmic/nuclear ESR1/ESR2 or membrane receptors for estrogen receptors (GPER), which may prevent osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and hormone-dependent cancers of breast, ovaries and prostate gland