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Cuili Wang State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China

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Dongteng Liu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China

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Weiting Chen Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China

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Wei Ge Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China

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Wanshu Hong State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China

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Yong Zhu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Shi X Chen State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, China
State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Introduction Gonadal steroid hormones play key roles in regulating gametogenesis, but they also exert both positive and negative feedback effects at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels. In tetrapod vertebrates, progesterone (P4) is the

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Chengyuan Lin School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China

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Xue Jiang School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Mulan He School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Ling Zhao Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong

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Tao Huang Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong

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Zhaoxiang Bian Clinical Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China

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Anderson O L Wong School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Introduction Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a member of the secretin/glucagon family, is a 38-amino acid (a.a.) peptide isolated from ovine hypothalamus with stimulatory activity on cAMP production in rat pituitary

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Benoit Cox Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Heleen Roose Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Annelies Vennekens Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Hugo Vankelecom Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Pituitary stem cells: purported players in pituitary housekeeping The pituitary gland acts as the governor of the endocrine system, integrating inputs from the central hypothalamus and from peripheral grounds to adjust the output of endocrine

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Erika Y Faraoni Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Andrea Camilletti Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alejandra Abeledo-Machado Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Laura D Ratner Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Fernanda De Fino Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ilpo Huhtaniemi Department of Surgery & Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Susana B Rulli Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Graciela Díaz-Torga Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Introduction The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), secreted normally by the placenta, is a member of the family of glycoprotein hormones (with the pituitary hormones LH, FSH and TSH) that share structural similarities. They are heterodimers

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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C E Higham Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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Introduction The work of Geoffrey Harris in the 1940s and 1950s identified that the function of the anterior pituitary gland was not dependent on a direct nerve supply but was controlled by neurohumoral factors in the portal blood supply. These

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Eva M G Viho Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Jan Kroon Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA

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Richard A Feelders Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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René Houtman Precision Medicine Lab, Oss, the Netherlands

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Elisabeth S R van den Dungen Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Alberto M Pereira Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Hazel J Hunt Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA

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Leo J Hofland Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Onno C Meijer Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA

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( de Kloet et al. 2005 , Joëls 2018 ). The maintenance of homeostasis by GCs is tightly regulated by hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity ( Lightman et al. 2020 ). The hypothalamic neurons from the paraventricular nucleus release the

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Romain Fontaine Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Eirill Ager-Wick Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Kjetil Hodne Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Finn-Arne Weltzien Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Introduction The gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (Lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) are key players in the vertebrate brain–pituitary–gonad (BPG) axis controlling sexual maturation. Whereas the equivalent hormones in mammals and

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Xiang Zhou Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Ying Wang Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Luisina Ongaro Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Ulrich Boehm Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Saarland School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany

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Vesa Kaartinen Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Yuji Mishina Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Introduction The pituitary glycoprotein follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is an essential regulator of ovarian function and testicular development in mammals. FSH synthesis by pituitary gonadotrope cells is primarily stimulated by

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Alan G Watts Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Hedco Neuroscience Building, MC 2520, Los Angeles, California 90089‐2520, USA

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used for teaching anatomy at Oxford ( Vogt 1972 ). A hallmark of Harris's research was a continuous emphasis on establishing structure–function relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. This focus played a major part in his ability

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Tiffany K Miles Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Ana Rita Silva Moreira Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Melody L Allensworth-James Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Angela K Odle Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Anessa C Haney Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Angus M MacNicol Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Melanie C MacNicol Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Gwen V Childs Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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). In the pituitary gland, leptin receptors are predominantly expressed in somatotropes, where leptin stimulates the synthesis of the lipolytic hormone, growth hormone (GH) ( Childs et al. 2011 ). Ghrelin serves to signal the opposite nutritional

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