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Gilvanildo Roberto da Silva Department of Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
Agrarian Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Veterinary Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil

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Mariane Gomes Carneiro Department of Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Miriam Pereira Barbosa Department of Biomedicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Jaciane de Almeida Costa Department of Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Ivone Antonia de Souza Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Lisiane dos Santos Oliveira Academic Center of Vitória de Santo Antão, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Diogo Antonio Alves de Vasconcelos Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Elizabeth do Nascimento Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Rhowena Jane Barbosa Matos Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Reconcavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil

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Sandra Lopes de Souza Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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Manuela Figueiroa Lyra de Freitas Department of Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

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& Gainetdinov 2011 ). DA plays a critical role in the regulation of food intake. Its action in the hypothalamus is related to the promotion of food intake ( Meguid et al. 2000 ), but in reward circuits, it is associated with the gratifying aspects of food

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Candice Marion Université de Paris, INSERM UMR S-1124, CNRS ERL3649, Paris, France

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Philippe Zizzari Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Raphael G P Denis Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France

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Rim Hassouna Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France

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Yacine Chebani Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France

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Thierry Leste-Lasserre Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Hélène Doat Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Gwenaëlle Le Pen Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France

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Daniela Cota Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Florence Noble Université de Paris, INSERM UMR S-1124, CNRS ERL3649, Paris, France

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Serge Luquet Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France

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Jacques Pantel Université de Paris, INSERM UMR S-1124, CNRS ERL3649, Paris, France

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hormone (GH) release ( Kojima et al. 1999 ), enhanced fat storage and food intake, mediated by its action on brain energy homeostasis centers ( Tschop et al. 2000 , Nakazato et al. 2001 , Theander-Carrillo et al. 2006 ) and hedonic circuits

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Marian Joëls Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands

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E Ronald de Kloet Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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-tuned balance between MR and GR that upon activation shifts energy resources to circuits and alter their connectivity underlying arousal, emotional expressions of fear and aggression, cognitive performance, motivation, reward and aversion ( Korte et al . 1995

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Giulia Baldini Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Kevin D Phelan Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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-homeostatic, hedonic feeding ( Pandit et al. 2013 , Sternson 2016 ). The brain reward circuit includes many brain areas, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens, the LH, the amygdala, the striatum and the prefrontal cortex ( Pandit et al

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Riccardo Dore Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Luka Levata Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Hendrik Lehnert Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Carla Schulz Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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might be involved not only in regulating homeostatic feeding but also in the reward-related aspects of feeding behavior. In fact, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 protein is expressed in reward-related areas such as amygdaloid nucleus, nucleus accumbens (NAcc

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Edouard G A Mills Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Waljit S Dhillo Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Alexander N Comninos Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Introduction The intrinsic links among sex, emotion and reproduction have until recently remained elusive with unclear neural circuits mediating the interactions between physiology, psychology and endocrinology ( Yang et al. 2018 ). Whilst

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Yolanda Diz-Chaves Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Manuel Gil-Lozano Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Laura Toba Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Juan Fandiño Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Hugo Ogando Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Lucas C González-Matías Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Federico Mallo Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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and the magnitude of the corticosteroid feedback, as well as on the neuroanatomical pathways that mediate the activation of the HPA axis ( Keller-Wood 2015 ). GC feedback involves the modulation of direct and indirect circuits controlling CRF neuron

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Lourdes M Andino Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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Daniel J Ryder Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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Alexandra Shapiro Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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Michael K Matheny Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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Yi Zhang Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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Melanie K Judge Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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K Y Cheng Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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Nihal Tümer Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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Philip J Scarpace Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA

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, implicating areas other than the ARC as potential targets for energy homeostatic regulation by melanocortins ( Lasaga et al . 2008 ). Although MC4R mRNA localization to the reward center in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been identified in some

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Henrik Oster Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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handling and storage. For example, pancreatic b-cell clocks control insulin secretion, while adipose tissue clocks regulate lipolytic triglyceride breakdown and fatty acid release which, in turn, affects central circuits of appetite regulation ( Paschos et

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Arnaud Jean Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris – Seine; Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France

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Anne-Charlotte Trouillet Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris – Seine; Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France

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Njiva Andry Andrianarivelo Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris – Seine; Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France

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Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris – Seine; Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France

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Hélène Hardin-Pouzet Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris – Seine; Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France

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, Shiflett & Balleine 2011 a , Girault 2012 ), as well as in the control of reward, aversive or learning behaviour ( Shiflett & Balleine 2011 b , Pascoli et al. 2014 , Goto et al. 2015 ). Among the different signals triggering the ERK pathway

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