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Agrarian Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Veterinary Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil
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Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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& Gainetdinov 2011 ). DA plays a critical role in the regulation of food intake. Its action in the hypothalamus is related to the promotion of food intake ( Meguid et al. 2000 ), but in reward circuits, it is associated with the gratifying aspects of food
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hormone (GH) release ( Kojima et al. 1999 ), enhanced fat storage and food intake, mediated by its action on brain energy homeostasis centers ( Tschop et al. 2000 , Nakazato et al. 2001 , Theander-Carrillo et al. 2006 ) and hedonic circuits
University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
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-tuned balance between MR and GR that upon activation shifts energy resources to circuits and alter their connectivity underlying arousal, emotional expressions of fear and aggression, cognitive performance, motivation, reward and aversion ( Korte et al . 1995
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-homeostatic, hedonic feeding ( Pandit et al. 2013 , Sternson 2016 ). The brain reward circuit includes many brain areas, such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens, the LH, the amygdala, the striatum and the prefrontal cortex ( Pandit et al
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might be involved not only in regulating homeostatic feeding but also in the reward-related aspects of feeding behavior. In fact, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 protein is expressed in reward-related areas such as amygdaloid nucleus, nucleus accumbens (NAcc
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Introduction The intrinsic links among sex, emotion and reproduction have until recently remained elusive with unclear neural circuits mediating the interactions between physiology, psychology and endocrinology ( Yang et al. 2018 ). Whilst
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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and the magnitude of the corticosteroid feedback, as well as on the neuroanatomical pathways that mediate the activation of the HPA axis ( Keller-Wood 2015 ). GC feedback involves the modulation of direct and indirect circuits controlling CRF neuron
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Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Departments of, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Aging and Geriatrics, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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, implicating areas other than the ARC as potential targets for energy homeostatic regulation by melanocortins ( Lasaga et al . 2008 ). Although MC4R mRNA localization to the reward center in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been identified in some
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handling and storage. For example, pancreatic b-cell clocks control insulin secretion, while adipose tissue clocks regulate lipolytic triglyceride breakdown and fatty acid release which, in turn, affects central circuits of appetite regulation ( Paschos et
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, Shiflett & Balleine 2011 a , Girault 2012 ), as well as in the control of reward, aversive or learning behaviour ( Shiflett & Balleine 2011 b , Pascoli et al. 2014 , Goto et al. 2015 ). Among the different signals triggering the ERK pathway