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rhythm-dependent basic functions of zebrafish physiology, including sleep ( Zhdanova 2011 , Elbaz et al . 2013 ), diet ( Lima-Cabello et al . 2014 ), development ( Kazimi & Cahill 1999 , de Borsetti et al . 2011 ), and reproduction ( Reiter et al
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are hyperaroused and have dramatically reduced abilities to initiate and maintain rest at night ( Prober et al . 2006 ); and orexin receptor-knockout zebrafish exhibit short and fragmented sleep patterns ( Yokogawa et al . 2007 , Panula 2010
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-AR dysfunction/downregulation may be reversed during short-term sympathoadrenal inhibition ( Nattel et al . 1979 , Krukemyer et al . 1989 , Madden et al . 2006 ). For example, short-term (14 days) administration of clonidine decreases sympathoadrenal
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School of Biosciences, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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-spore-forming bacteria, which are enriched with carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, and Firmicutes : Gram-positive, formerly called ‘the low-GC bacteria’, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria, which ferment simple sugars to produce a variety of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs
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, stimulation of gut motility and gastric acid secretion, and modulation of sleep, taste sensation and reward-seeking behaviour ( Avau et al . 2013 , Müller et al . 2015 ). In humans, plasma ghrelin levels increase before a regularly timed meal and decrease
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nocturnal light pollution and sleep-wake rhythm disruption in the case of the circadian clock. Ultimately, these perturbations synergize in their disruption of metabolism and energy homeostasis, arguably among the key medical challenges of the twenty
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sleeping, short sleep duration (<5 h), and late dinnertime or consumption of additional calories later in the evening have been associated with obesity and diabetes ( Colles et al. 2007 , Baron et al. 2011 , Hsieh et al. 2011 ). Glucocorticoid
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nesfatin-1, subcutaneous (s.c.) osmotic minipump infusion for 7 days elicited a decrease of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in the light phase, but no alteration in the dark phase in freely feeding rats ( Mortazavi et al. 2015 ). In a short term
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the activity of retinorecipient SCN neurons and/or via direct retinal projections to other hypothalamic regions. Circadian and light-dependent changes in behavioural state (e.g. sleep/rest; feed/fast) can also indirectly influence neuroendocrine
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sensitive to testosterone treatment, while both groups achieved 70% sufficient physical activity at 2 years. Further we observed no mental or physical quality of life benefits and no improvement in quality of sleep ( Wittert et al. 2021 ), findings that