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Da-Long Ren Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Ai-Ai Sun Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Ya-Juan Li Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Min Chen Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Shu-Chao Ge Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Bing Hu Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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rhythm-dependent basic functions of zebrafish physiology, including sleep ( Zhdanova 2011 , Elbaz et al . 2013 ), diet ( Lima-Cabello et al . 2014 ), development ( Kazimi & Cahill 1999 , de Borsetti et al . 2011 ), and reproduction ( Reiter et al

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Esther Isorna Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Nuria de Pedro Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Ana I Valenciano Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Ángel L Alonso-Gómez Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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María J Delgado Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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are hyperaroused and have dramatically reduced abilities to initiate and maintain rest at night ( Prober et al . 2006 ); and orexin receptor-knockout zebrafish exhibit short and fragmented sleep patterns ( Yokogawa et al . 2007 , Panula 2010

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Sean A Newsom Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Jennifer C Richards Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Tyler K Johnson Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Jessica N Kuzma Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Mark C Lonac Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Roger J Paxton Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Grant M Rynn Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Wyatt F Voyles Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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Christopher Bell Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 205E Moby B-Complex, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1582, USA

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-AR dysfunction/downregulation may be reversed during short-term sympathoadrenal inhibition ( Nattel et al . 1979 , Krukemyer et al . 1989 , Madden et al . 2006 ). For example, short-term (14 days) administration of clonidine decreases sympathoadrenal

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James M Evans School of Biosciences, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK

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Laura S Morris School of Biosciences, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK

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Julian R Marchesi School of Biosciences, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
School of Biosciences, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK

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-spore-forming bacteria, which are enriched with carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, and Firmicutes : Gram-positive, formerly called ‘the low-GC bacteria’, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria, which ferment simple sugars to produce a variety of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs

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Anneleen Segers Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Louis Desmet Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Shu Sun Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Kristin Verbeke Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Jan Tack Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Inge Depoortere Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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, stimulation of gut motility and gastric acid secretion, and modulation of sleep, taste sensation and reward-seeking behaviour ( Avau et al . 2013 , Müller et al . 2015 ). In humans, plasma ghrelin levels increase before a regularly timed meal and decrease

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Henrik Oster Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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nocturnal light pollution and sleep-wake rhythm disruption in the case of the circadian clock. Ultimately, these perturbations synergize in their disruption of metabolism and energy homeostasis, arguably among the key medical challenges of the twenty

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Marianna Minnetti Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Valeria Hasenmajer Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Riccardo Pofi Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Mary Anna Venneri Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Krystallenia I Alexandraki Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Andrea M Isidori Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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sleeping, short sleep duration (<5 h), and late dinnertime or consumption of additional calories later in the evening have been associated with obesity and diabetes ( Colles et al. 2007 , Baron et al. 2011 , Hsieh et al. 2011 ). Glucocorticoid

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Riccardo Dore Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Luka Levata Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Hendrik Lehnert Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Carla Schulz Department of Internal Medicine I, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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nesfatin-1, subcutaneous (s.c.) osmotic minipump infusion for 7 days elicited a decrease of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in the light phase, but no alteration in the dark phase in freely feeding rats ( Mortazavi et al. 2015 ). In a short term

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Sarika Paul Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Timothy M Brown Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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the activity of retinorecipient SCN neurons and/or via direct retinal projections to other hypothalamic regions. Circadian and light-dependent changes in behavioural state (e.g. sleep/rest; feed/fast) can also indirectly influence neuroendocrine

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Gary A Wittert Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Department of Endocrinology Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia

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Bu B Yeap Medical School, University of Western Australia, and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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David J Handelsman ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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sensitive to testosterone treatment, while both groups achieved 70% sufficient physical activity at 2 years. Further we observed no mental or physical quality of life benefits and no improvement in quality of sleep ( Wittert et al. 2021 ), findings that

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