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B Beck INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184, F-54505 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184, F-54505 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France

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S Richy INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184, F-54505 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France

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light period. Food was withdrawn during this 3-h period in order to ensure that all animals were in the same nutritional state. This time was also chosen in order to minimize interference with circadian hormonal rhythms as both ghrelin and leptin present

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E Louiset INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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V Contesse INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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L Groussin INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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D Cartier INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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C Duparc INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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V Perraudin INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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J Bertherat INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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H Lefebvre INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
INSERM U413, INSERM U567, Department of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, European Institute for Peptide Research (IFRMP 23), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

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-independent Cushing's syndrome was based on the results of hormonal investigations. Briefly, increase in 24-h urinary cortisol excretion, alteration of plasma cortisol circadian rhythm, lack of cortisol suppression under a low-dose dexamethasone test (2 mg/day for 2

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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C E Higham Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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and females, defining ultradian rhythms of GH secretion (frequency <24 h). These studies were limited by the use of relatively insensitive GH immunoradiometric assays, in which up to 90% of the daytime GH samples were undetectable ( Plotnick et al

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Bin Liu Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6523, USA

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Lydia A Arbogast Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6523, USA

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and P 4 -treated rats was lower than pre-surge levels, there was no significant difference between the two groups. This decrease may represent an endogenous rhythm in TIDA neuronal activity that occurs on every day of the estrous cycle in female rats

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Christina Antza Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Samiul Mostafa Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Abd Tahrani Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3911 ) 25658017 Rao R Somvanshi P Klerman EB Marmar C Doyle 3rd FJ 2021 Modeling the influence of chronic sleep restriction on cortisol circadian rhythms, with implications for metabolic disorders

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Richard R Almon Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of

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Debra C DuBois Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of

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William Lai Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of

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Bai Xue Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of

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Jing Nie Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of

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William J Jusko Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Departments of

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with WKY rats. Because we only measured expression at one time within the 24-h cycle, we cannot determine whether the difference between GK and WKY reflects a disturbance in circadian rhythms in GK rats, which itself has been shown to contribute to

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Adrián Plaza Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Beatriz Merino Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Victoria Cano Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Gema Domínguez Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Javier Pérez-Castells Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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M Soledad Fernández-Alfonso Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain

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Coralie Sengenès STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France

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Julie A Chowen Departamento de Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, CIBEROBN Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Mariano Ruiz-Gayo Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain

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Cano V 2008b Circadian rhythm drives the responsiveness of leptin-mediated hypothalamic pathway of cholecystokinin-8 . Neuroscience Letters 442 165 – 168 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.009 ) 10.1016/j.neulet.2008

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R Prasad Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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J C Kowalczyk Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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E Meimaridou Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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H L Storr Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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L A Metherell Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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erythrocytes correlates well with the characterised rhythmicity of DHEAS and cortisol ( Goncharova et al . 2008 b ). Additionally, a similar age-related flattening of these SOD circadian rhythms has been observed, indicating a possible regulatory effect of

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Candice Marion Université de Paris, INSERM UMR S-1124, CNRS ERL3649, Paris, France

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Philippe Zizzari Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Raphael G P Denis Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France

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Rim Hassouna Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France

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Yacine Chebani Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France

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Thierry Leste-Lasserre Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Hélène Doat Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Gwenaëlle Le Pen Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France

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Daniela Cota Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France

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Florence Noble Université de Paris, INSERM UMR S-1124, CNRS ERL3649, Paris, France

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Serge Luquet Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France

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Jacques Pantel Université de Paris, INSERM UMR S-1124, CNRS ERL3649, Paris, France

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supplementary materials given at the end of this article). Figure 4 Ghsr M/M rats show preserved circadian locomotor, feeding and energy balance rhythms across feeding conditions. (A) Body composition at the start of the calorimetric experiment in

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T J Kowalski Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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B D Spar Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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L Markowitz Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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M Maguire Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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A Golovko Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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S Yang Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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C Farley Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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J A Cook Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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G Tetzloff Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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L Hoos Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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R A Del Vecchio Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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T M Kazdoba Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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M F McCool Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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J J Hwa Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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L A Hyde Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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H Davis Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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G Vassileva Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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J A Hedrick Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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E L Gustafson Department of CV/Metabolic Diseases,
Department of Discovery Technologies and
Department of CNS Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA

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phase induces a phase shift in the circadian rhythm ( Nakahara et al. 2004 ). We observed no difference in the intestinal transit of a charcoal-based marker between wild-type and NmU Tg mice. Although NmU stimulates ileal smooth muscle

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