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Donlaporn Kittivanichkul Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Narattaphol Charoenphandhu Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Phisit Khemawoot Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Suchinda Malaivijitnond Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand

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is one such disease where the incidence is much higher in the elderly, and is usually associated with bone fracture. It is reported that in the year 2000, there were some 9 million osteoporotic fractures in the world population, of which 1.6, 1.7 and

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Anna E Bollag Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Tianyang Guo Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Ke-Hong Ding Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Vivek Choudhary Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Xunsheng Chen Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Qing Zhong Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Jianrui Xu Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Kanglun Yu Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Mohamed E Awad Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Mohammed Elsalanty Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Maribeth H Johnson Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Meghan E McGee-Lawrence Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Wendy B Bollag Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Carlos M Isales Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Introduction Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and bone loss commonly associated with age. Bone loss results in reduced bone strength and increased fracture risk, which is a growing problem among elderly individuals

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Kristin M Aasarød Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

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Masoud Ramezanzadehkoldeh Department of Structural Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

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Maziar Shabestari Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Mats P Mosti Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

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Astrid K Stunes Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

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Janne E Reseland Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Vidar Beisvag Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

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Erik Fink Eriksen Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Arne K Sandvik Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

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Reinhold G Erben Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Christiane Schüler Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Malcolm Boyce Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, UK

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Bjørn H Skallerud Department of Structural Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

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Unni Syversen Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Endocrinology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Reidar Fossmark Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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associated with increased fracture risk, whereas use of histamine 2 receptor antagonists was associated with reduced risk. Both animal and clinical studies have revealed an association between PPI use and a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). Our group

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Karla J Suchacki The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Fiona Roberts The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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Andrea Lovdel The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Colin Farquharson The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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Nik M Morton The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Vicky E MacRae The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midltohian

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William P Cawthorn The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Introduction Bone has long been regarded as an organised collection of inert calcified structures that facilitate the motility of land animals. The skeleton’s mass and composition provides vital organ protection, a niche for haematopoiesis and

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Thomas Funck-Brentano Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Karin H Nilsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Robert Brommage Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Petra Henning Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ulf H Lerner Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Antti Koskela Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Juha Tuukkanen Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Martine Cohen-Solal BIOSCAR UMRS 1132, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France

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Sofia Movérare-Skrtic Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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was followed by further evidence of the role of WNTs in the tumorigenesis of various human cancers in β-catenin-dependent or -independent pathways ( Anastas & Moon 2012 ). The importance of the WNT signaling pathway in bone homeostasis was highlighted

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K L Gustafsson Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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K H Nilsson Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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H H Farman Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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A Andersson Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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V Lionikaite Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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P Henning Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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J Wu Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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S H Windahl Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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U Islander Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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S Movérare-Skrtic Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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K Sjögren Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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H Carlsten Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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J-Å Gustafsson Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA

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C Ohlsson Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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M K Lagerquist Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Introduction Estrogen, the main female reproductive hormone, is a major regulator of bone homeostasis and it is well known that estrogen deficiency after menopause increases fracture risk and that estrogen treatment decreases this risk

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Rachel A Davey Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Michele V Clarke Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Suzanne B Golub Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Patricia K Russell Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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, and in pregnancy and lactation, when foetal and newborn calcium requirements are high ( Cooper et al. 1967 , Kovacs 2005 ). Since bone is the major reservoir of calcium in the body, it contributes significantly to the maintenance of calcium

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V E MacRae Bone Biology Group, Division of Gene Function and Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
Bone and Endocrine Research Group, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK

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T Burdon Bone Biology Group, Division of Gene Function and Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
Bone and Endocrine Research Group, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK

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S F Ahmed Bone Biology Group, Division of Gene Function and Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
Bone and Endocrine Research Group, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK

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C Farquharson Bone Biology Group, Division of Gene Function and Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
Bone and Endocrine Research Group, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, UK

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), however, the underlying mechanisms that lead to these effects are unclear. The IGF-I signalling pathway is the major autocrine/paracrine regulator of bone growth ( Loveridge et al. 1990 ). Binding of IGF-I to its receptor utilises a family of

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Lina Lawenius Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Hannah Colldén Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Karin Horkeby Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jianyao Wu Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Louise Grahnemo Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Liesbeth Vandenput Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia

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Claes Ohlsson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Klara Sjögren Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Introduction Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease affecting one in two women and one in five men after 50 years of age ( Sambrook & Cooper 2006 ). Both men and women lose bone in an age-dependent manner because of decreasing sex hormone

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Michela Rossi Bone Physiopathology Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Giulia Battafarano Bone Physiopathology Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Viviana De Martino Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

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Alfredo Scillitani Endocrinology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy

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Salvatore Minisola Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

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Andrea Del Fattore Bone Physiopathology Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Introduction In healthy skeleton, the bone structure is maintained by the balanced relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These cells are responsible for the bone remodelling that begins with the recruitment and activation of bone

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