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Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Arts, Natural and Humans Science Center, Department of Anatomy, Division of Endocrinology, School of Physical Education and Sport, AFIP and Pathology, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 869 Prédio 16, 1° Andar, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
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the β 3 receptor ( Granneman 1992 ). Studies performed on isolated brown adipocytes indicate that the β 3 adrenergic receptor plays the leading role in BAT activation ( Zhao et al . 2011 ). However, mice with global β 3 receptor knockout (β 3 KO
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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elucidate whether transplantation of subcutaneous fat in humans is as efficient as that in rodents. Brown adipocytes were originally thought to be a skeletal muscle-like lineage arising from Myf5 + precursors ( Seale et al . 2008 , Lepper & Fan 2010
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contrast to skeletal muscle cells, BAT progenitors initiate the expression of PRDM16 and BMP7 during development, which drives them to become mature brown adipocytes ( Seale et al . 2008 , Tseng et al . 2008 , Rajakumari et al . 2013 ). The most
Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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-methylxanthine (0.5 mM), dexamethasone (1 µM), insulin (10 µg/mL) and 10% fetal bovine serum. 3T3-L1 adipocytes, primary hepatocytes, C2C12 myoblasts and mature immortalized brown adipocytes were treated with recombinant angiopoietin-like 6 (ANGPTL6) protein
Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, LSI, RM5115A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, LSI, RM5115A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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fat cells have been identified to date ( Rosen & Spiegelman 2014 ). White adipocytes are primarily used for energy storage; they contain a large lipid droplet and few cellular organelles. In contrast, brown adipocytes are primarily a site for adaptive
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Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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). Cell culture Mouse brown adipocytes (BACs) were provided by Dr Xuyun Zhao in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ( Wang et al. 2014 ). BACs were cultured in the DMEM medium
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, mice and rats retain a defined and circumscribed brown fat depot located in the interscapular region ( Sbarbati et al . 1991 , Morroni et al . 1995 ). This contrasts with larger adult mammals, including humans and sheep, where brown adipocytes are
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listed as NR3C2 in the MGI Database) is also expressed in white adipocytes as well as in brown adipocytes ( Rondinone et al . 1993 , Zennaro et al . 1998 ). The MR possesses the same affinity for aldosterone and glucocorticoid hormones ( Arriza et al
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brown adipocytes in perirenal adipose tissue ( Figs 2 and 3 ), whereas UCP1 was not present in the subcutaneous depot. These brown adipocytes showed two distinct morphologies, being either large and shapeless or with a more typical multilocular
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Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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, Kershaw & Flier 2004 ). Brown adipocytes, in contrast, originate from precursors that express Myf5 ( Kopelman 2000 ) and contain a huge number of mitochondria and multiple small lipid droplets for efficient energy use. BAT is rich in vasculature and