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Early lactation in dairy cattle is a period of severe negative energy balance (NEB) characterized by reduced blood glucose and insulin concentrations and elevated blood GH concentrations. The liver is refractory to GH during NEB and this uncoupling of the GH-IGF axis results in diminished plasma concentrations of IGF-I. Our objectives were to examine the effects of insulin administration during the immediate postpartum period on plasma IGF-I and GH concentrations and to examine the hepatic expression of total GH receptors (all GH receptor transcripts), GH receptor 1A (GHR 1A) and IGF-I. In addition, we examined adipose tissue for total GH receptor and IGF-I mRNA levels to establish the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia on an insulin-responsive peripheral tissue. Holstein cows (n=14) were subjected to either a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (insulin; INS) or saline infusion (control; CTL) for 96 h starting on day 10 postpartum. Insulin was infused i.v. (1 micro g/kg body weight per h), blood samples were collected hourly, and euglycemia was maintained by infusion of glucose. Insulin concentrations during the infusions were increased 8-fold in INS compared with CTL cows (2.33+/-0.14 vs 0.27+/-0.14 ng/ml (S.E.M.); P<0.001) while blood glucose concentrations were not different between treatments (45.3+/-2.2 vs 42.5+/-2.2 mg/dl; P>0.1). Plasma IGF-I increased continuously during the insulin infusion, and reached the highest concentrations at the end of the clamp, being almost 4-fold higher in INS compared with CTL cows (117+/-4 vs 30+/-4 ng/ml; P<0.001). Hepatic expression of GHR 1A and IGF-I mRNA was low in CTL cows, but was increased 3.6-fold (P<0.05) and 6.3-fold (P<0.001) respectively in INS cows. By contrast, in adipose tissue the changes in gene expression in response to insulin were reversed with decreases in both total GHR and IGF-I mRNA. The expressions of GHR 1A and IGF-I mRNA in liver tissue were correlated in INS (r=0.86; P<0.05), but not CTL cows (r=0.43; P>0.1). Insulin appears to be a key metabolic signal in coupling the GH-IGF axis, thus orchestrating a marked elevation in circulating IGF-I concentrations.
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). It has been proposed that while leptin is the main regulator of fasting induced changes in the HPT axis, deiodinase activity plays a major role during NTIS ( Boelen et al . 2011 ). Positive energy balance In contrast to the relatively detailed
Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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have witnessed significant research into the relationship between exercise, appetite regulation and energy balance ( Schubert et al. 2014 ). Exercise is recommended as a therapeutic weight management strategy because it increases energy expenditure
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PDE3B in hypothalamic neurons modifies energy balance and glucose homeostasis, we used Cre-loxP technology, in which Pde3b fl/fl mice when crossed with mice carrying the appropriate Cre gene deletes exon 4 of the Pde3b gene ( Fig. 1A ). The
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-related peptide (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons co-express LepR and are considered mediators of the energy balance status and HPG axis function ( Manfredi-Lozano et al. 2016 , Padilla et al. 2017 ). On the other hand, PMv neurons integrate
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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. Diabetes 55 390 – 397 . ( doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-0686 ) Ayala JE Bracy DP Julien BM Rottman JN Fueger PT Wasserman DH 2007 Chronic treatment with sildenafil improves energy balance and insulin action in high fat-fed conscious
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Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Introduction Leptin (LEP) is a critical hormone that regulates energy balance ( Friedman 2016 ). LEP is secreted primarily by adipose tissue and has been classified as an adipokine ( Friedman 2016 ). LEP functions are mediated by the LEP
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ABSTRACT
Plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured during pregnancy and lactation in goats on diets with different energy concentrations to study the role of T4 secretion in metabolic adaptation to pregnancy and lactation. Thyroxine distribution space (the volume of fluid required to dissolve the total pool of circulating T4 at a concentration equal to that in the plasma) and secretion rates were determined by using 125I-labelled T4 at different stages of lactation and pregnancy.
Plasma concentrations of T4 increased during lactation and reached maximum levels 4–5 months after giving birth. They then remained fairly constant for the following 2–3 months until the goats became pregnant again. Thyroxine concentrations decreased slightly during pregnancy and showed a sudden drop at the onset of lactation. Minimum concentrations were observed during the first 2–3 weeks of lactation after which time concentrations increased slowly. Average concentrations for goats on a low-energy diet were consistently lower than those in goats on a high-energy diet. The mean secretion rate was 10·4 nmol day−1 kg body wt−0·75. The distribution spaces were much lower than the total extracellular space. The average distribution space in non-pregnant and pregnant goats was 11 and 5·3% of the body weight respectively.
The decrease in T4 secretion rate and T4 distribution space during pregnancy is considered to be part of a homeorhetic adaptation to the condition. The drop in T4 secretion rate at the onset of lactation appears to be a homeostatic adaptation to a decreased fuel supply, similar to the situation with fasting or energy malnutrition.
J. Endocr. (1985) 107, 421–427
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, Roff & Fairbairn 2007 , French et al. 2009 ). Monitoring an individual’s energy balance (defined as energy intake minus energy expenditure) is, therefore, essential to understanding how individuals allocate their energy between competing demands in
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the hypometabolic state of the ob / ob and db / db mice. The observation of persistent hypometabolism following weight loss while in a state of energy balance was consistent with the so-called ‘lipostatic’ theory of body weight maintenance, which
