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Cynthia L Blanco Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Alvaro G Moreira Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Lisa L McGill-Vargas Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Diana G Anzueto Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Peter Nathanielsz Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Nicolas Musi Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Introduction Antenatal corticosteroid administration to pregnant women has become the standard of care for mothers at a risk of delivering a premature infant. Maternal treatment with synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) decreases the incidence of many

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O Schakman Unité de Diabétologie et Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium

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H Gilson Unité de Diabétologie et Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium

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J P Thissen Unité de Diabétologie et Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction The catabolic effects of glucocorticoids have been well known for many years. Either as drugs used to treat several medical conditions or as endocrine hormones released in response to many stress situations, glucocorticoids may cause

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Thomas Dickmeis Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

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hypothalamus ( Fig. 2 ; Buijs & Kalsbeek 2001 , Kalsbeek & Buijs 2002 , Saper et al . 2005 ), and may underlie the circadian changes observed in processes governed by these structures. Figure 2 Neural pathways in circadian control of glucocorticoid release

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Alistair I Freeman
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Helen L Munn
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Val Lyons
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Alexander Dammermann
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Jonathan R Seckl
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Karen E Chapman
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Introduction Glucocorticoids exert effects on virtually all tissues, the majority of which are mediated by the type II glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Despite near ubiquitous expression, GR levels vary widely both between and within

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Ellen H Stolte Department of Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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B M Lidy Verburg van Kemenade Department of Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Huub F J Savelkoul Department of Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Gert Flik Department of Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Introduction Glucocorticoids (GCs; cortisol and corticosterone) play a pivotal role in vertebrate physiology through a plethora of control mechanisms. The GC system, with a nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is found in all

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Dieuwertje C E Spaanderman Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Mark Nixon BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Jacobus C Buurstede Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Hetty H C M Sips Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Maaike Schilperoort Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Eline N Kuipers Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Emma A Backer Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Sander Kooijman Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Patrick C N Rensen Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Natalie Z M Homer BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Brian R Walker BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Onno C Meijer Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Jan Kroon Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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Introduction Glucocorticoids are adrenal steroid hormones engaged in a myriad of functions including adaptation to stress, circadian function and immune regulation. Glucocorticoids also mediate quintessential processes in metabolic physiology

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Kerryn M Taylor Division of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

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David W Ray Manchester Centre for Nuclear Hormone Research and Disease, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

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Paula Sommer Division of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

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matter ( Semenova et al. 2015 ). The driver mutations for NSCLC particularly have been well described, and mutation testing can be used for patient stratification and prescription of targeted therapy ( Pao & Girard 2011 ). The glucocorticoid

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Eugenie Macfarlane Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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Introduction Glucocorticoids are essential endocrine regulators of numerous physiological processes including somatic development, systemic fuel and tissue metabolism, electrolyte homeostasis and immunity. In addition, glucocorticoids also

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R De Matteo Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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D J Hodgson Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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T Bianco-Miotto Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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V Nguyen Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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J A Owens Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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R Harding Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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B J Allison Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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G Polglase Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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M J Black Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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K L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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administration of the glucocorticoids, betamethasone or dexamethasone, to pregnant ewes improves lung maturation and survival of preterm-delivered lambs ( Liggins 1969 , De Matteo et al . 2010 ), consistent with clinical responses in humans ( Liggins & Howie

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Lin-guo Pei Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Basic Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, China

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Qi Zhang Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Chao Yuan Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Min Liu Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Yun-fei Zou Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Feng Lv Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Da-ji Luo Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Shan Zhong Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Hui Wang Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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in adult males ( Wang & Hardy 2004 ). Our previous studies found that PCE-induced maternal glucocorticoid overexposure in fetal rats and inhibited the expression of Igf1 in a variety of tissues ( Tan et al. 2012 , Wang et al. 2014 , Chen et

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