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Xiaochuan Chen Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Amy C Kelly School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Dustin T Yates School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Antoni R Macko School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Ronald M Lynch Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Sean W Limesand School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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incongruent between IUGR- and NE-infused fetuses and both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia negatively affect β-cell responsiveness ( Carver et al. 1995 , Green et al. 2012 , Chen et al. 2014 , Macko et al. 2016 ). To avoid confounding results from

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Rui Gao Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Samuel Acreman Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Jinfang Ma Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Fernando Abdulkader Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Anna Wendt Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Quan Zhang Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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counterregulatory responses after antecedent hypoglycemia . Diabetes 57 1363 – 1370 . ( https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-1559 ) Cheng-Xue R Gomez-Ruiz A Antoine N Noel LA Chae HY Ravier MA Chimienti F Schuit FC & Gilon P 2013 Tolbutamide controls

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Stephan Pinheiro Frankenfeld Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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Leonardo Pires de Oliveira Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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Daniele Leão Ignacio Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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Raquel Guimarães Coelho Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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Mariana Nigro Mattos Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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Denise Pires Carvalho Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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Rodrigo Soares Fortunato Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, CCS

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speculate that the impaired glucose production rate might correspond to the central underlying mechanism related to fasting hypoglycemia induced by nandrolone dacanoate usage, because skeletal muscle glucose uptake and liver glucokinase activity are

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Xinrong Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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Bangguo Qian Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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Ning Ji Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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Conghui Lui Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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Zhiyuan Liu Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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Bing Li Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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Huarong Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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Caifeng Yan Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Pathology Core Facility Institute, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu University, Sherman College of Chiropractic, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China

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likely to develop nesidioblastosis (a disease involving pathologic overgrowth of β-cells and life-threatening hypoglycemia), relative to the <0.1% frequency of this disease in the general population. One possibility is that the complication results from

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Nathalie Marissal-Arvy
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Alexandra Gaumont
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Allan Langlois
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Fabrice Dabertrand
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Marion Bouchecareilh Laboratoire PsyNuGen, Laboratoire des Régulations Neuroendocriniennes, INRA UMR1286, CNRS UMR5226, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux, France

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Claudine Tridon
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Pierre Mormede
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stress (insulin-induced hypoglycemia) in both strains. Then, to unravel the network of interactions between the components of the HPA axis and to remove any strain differences in corticosterone availability, F344, LOU, and LEW male rats were

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H Nishimoto Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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R Matsutani Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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S Yamamoto Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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T Takahashi Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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K-G Hayashi Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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A Miyamoto Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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S Hamano Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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M Tetsuka Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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cells ( Fladeby et al. 2003 ). Long-term hypoglycemia, likewise, was shown to increase GLUT3 density in rat brain ( Duelli et al. 1999 ). Taken together, these results imply the presence of a local regulatory mechanism of glucose uptake, which

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Keiko Nakahara
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Rieko Okame
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Tetsuro Katayama Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Mikiya Miyazato Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Kenji Kangawa Department of Veterinary Physiology, Genetic Resource Division, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan

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Noboru Murakami
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change after glucose. Hypoglycemia induced by a glucose clamp technique increased plasma leptin levels in women ( Ludwig et al . 2007 ). Therefore, the significant increase of leptin may be due to either the direct action of insulin or the insulin

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Alice S Green
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Paul J Rozance Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, 1650 East Limberlost Drive, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA

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Sean W Limesand
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-placental restriction Hypoglycemia Fetal characteristics  Timing of insult a Variable, but >0.55G 0.82–0.91G 0.68–1G 0–1G >0.47–1G >0.76–1G 0.8–0.93G  Hypoxemia Yes Yes, 0.82–0.86G None None ↓ 34–59% ↓ 23–35% None Normal at birth  Hypoglycemia Yes Yes, 0.82–0.86G NR NR

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James Cantley Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK

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Vincent Poitout Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada

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Rebecca L Hull-Meichle Research and Development Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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first-line treatment for severe hypoglycemia since the 1950s ( Elrick et al. 1958 ). Dysregulation of glucagon secretion is a key feature of both major forms of diabetes, leading to the concept that diabetes is a bihormonal disorder ( Unger & Orci 1975

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Martin Haluzik Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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compliance to diet and lifestyle measures as well as side effects of most antidiabetic drugs, in particular, hypoglycemia and weight gain. An urgent need for safer and more effective treatments has stimulated the development of several novel classes of

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