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Cristina Velasco Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

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Marta Librán-Pérez Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

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Cristina Otero-Rodiño Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

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Marcos A López-Patiño Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

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Jesús M Míguez Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

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José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

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José L Soengas Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain

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, ultimately leading to decreased food intake ( Migrenne et al . 2007 , Blouet & Schwartz 2010 ). Our previous studies in fish have characterized the presence and function of fatty acid-sensing systems in the hypothalamus of rainbow trout ( Oncorh ynchus

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Mariana Rosolen Tavares Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Simone Ferreira Lemes Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thais de Fante Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Cristina Saenz de Miera Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Rosangela Maria Neves Bezerra Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Patricia Oliveira Prada Laboratory of Molecular Research in Obesity (LABIMO), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Marcio Alberto Torsoni Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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Carol Fuzeti Elias Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Fernando Moreira Simabuco Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LABMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders (LABDIME), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil

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, osteoarthritis, and some types of cancer ( James et al. 2006 , Tremblay & Lachance 2017 ). Thus, there is a great demand for research involving metabolic processes related to the obesity onset. Hypothalamus is an important region of the central nervous system

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Anaies Nazarians-Armavil Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology

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Jennifer A Chalmers Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology

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Claire B Lee Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology

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Wenqing Ye Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology

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Denise D Belsham Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology
Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology
Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology
Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology

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Introduction The hypothalamus is largely responsible for the integration of peripheral cues, such as hormones and nutrients, to direct appropriate physiological processes to maintain energy balance. Disruption in this equilibrium results in the

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Sjoerd D Joustra Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Onno C Meijer Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Charlotte A Heinen Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Isabel M Mol Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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El Houari Laghmani Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Rozemarijn M A Sengers Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Carreno Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Nienke R Biermasz Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan M Wit Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Wilma Oostdijk Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Ans M M van Pelt Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Geert Hamer Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Gerry T M Wagenaar Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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dehydration in a graded alcohol series and xylenes. Real-time qPCR Relative Igsf1 mRNA expression was assessed in various organs (four to six animals, both sexes), as well as punches from choroid plexus (lateral ventricle of the brain), hypothalamus

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Jie Miao UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Department of Molecules and Circuits, CNRS UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Orsay, France
Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yacir Benomar UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Department of Molecules and Circuits, CNRS UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Orsay, France

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Sarah Al Rifai UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France

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Ghislaine Poizat UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Department of Molecules and Circuits, CNRS UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Orsay, France

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Laure Riffault UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Department of Molecules and Circuits, CNRS UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Orsay, France

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Delphine Crépin UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Department of Molecules and Circuits, CNRS UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Orsay, France

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Mohammed Taouis UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
Department of Molecules and Circuits, CNRS UMR 9197, Molecular Neuroendocrinology of Food Intake, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Orsay, France

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manually dissected and immediately frozen into liquid nitrogen and conserved at −80°C. The quality of the dissection was verified by the measurement of POMC and NPY expression known to be specific to the hypothalamus. All procedures were conducted according

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Gisela Helfer School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK

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Qing-Feng Wu State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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of the hippocampus as well as ependymal cells and tanycytes lining the third ventricle of the hypothalamus ( Guo et al . 2012 , Helfer et al . 2016 ). CMKLR1 is a G i/o -protein-coupled receptor that signals through mitogen-activated protein kinase

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Leila Arbabi Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Qun Li Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Belinda A Henry Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Iain J Clarke Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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-4 reduced expression of the kisspeptin (Kiss1) ( KISS1 ) and Kiss1 receptor ( GPR54 ) genes in the hypothalamus, with little effect of GLP-1; GLP-1 had a transient stimulatory effect on KISS1 expression only ( Outeiriño-Iglesias et al. 2015

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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C E Higham Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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‘releasing’ factors originated from neurones in the hypothalamus and entered into the portal blood. With regard to the growth hormone (GH) axis, work in the 1960s showed that intra-carotid injection of stalk-median eminence extracts into rats and guinea pigs

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Margaret B Allison Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA

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Martin G Myers Jr Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA

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the brain, especially the hypothalamus, where its action is integrated with that of other adipokines, gastrokines, and other signals to coordinate energy homeostasis ( Friedman & Halaas 1998 , Bates & Myers 2003 , Myers et al . 2009 , Ring

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J T Smith School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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A Roseweir Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK

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M Millar Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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I J Clarke Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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R P Millar Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology and Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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1995 The role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the control of LH secretion in the ewe with respect to season, NPY receptor subtype and the site of action in the hypothalamus . European Journal of Endocrinology 147 565 – 579 . ( https://doi.org/10

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