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Tsun-Jui Liu Department of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
Taichung Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hui-Chin Lai Department of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
Taichung Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chih-Tai Ting Department of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
Taichung Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ping H Wang Department of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
Taichung Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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. Sartorelli V & Fulco M 2004 Molecular and cellular determinants of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Science’s STKE 2004 re11 . Shan YX , Yang TL, Mestril R & Wang PH 2003 Hsp10 and Hsp60 suppress ubiquitination

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Hiranya Pintana Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center
Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center

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Wanpitak Pongkan Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center
Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center

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Wasana Pratchayasakul Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center
Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center

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Nipon Chattipakorn Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center
Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center

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Siriporn C Chattipakorn Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center
Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center

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daily food intake ( Gentry & Wade 1976 , Borst & Conover 2006 ) and muscle atrophy ( Gao et al . 2005 , Axell et al . 2006 , Borst & Conover 2006 ). In contrast to our findings, the studies of Xia et al . (2013) found that ORX

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Adam Hagg School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Eliza O’Shea School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Craig A Harrison Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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Kelly L Walton School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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upregulation of activin A and B propeptides was shown to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice ( Chen et al. 2017 , Walton et al. 2019 ) and block activin-mediated muscle atrophy in various pre-clinical models including the C26 mouse model of cancer

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Erica Sarchielli Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Sandra Filippi Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Neuroscience, Drug Research and Child Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Giulia Guarnieri Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Guasti Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Rapizzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Giulia Rastrelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Bani Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Gabriella Vannelli Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy

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Annamaria Morelli Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
Endocrinology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy

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diameter and markers of muscle atrophy and regeneration. As shown in Fig. 3 , HFD reduced fiber diameter ( P  < 0.001 vs RD; Fig. 3A ) and increased the mRNA expression of the atrophy-related genes, such as FBX032/Atrogin 1 ( P  < 0.01 vs RD; Fig. 3B

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Alpha Dian-Yu Lin Albany College of Pharmacy,
Albany Medical College,
Stratton VA Medical Center, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, New York 12208, USA
Taichung Poah-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Anita Mannikarottu Albany College of Pharmacy,
Albany Medical College,
Stratton VA Medical Center, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, New York 12208, USA
Taichung Poah-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Barry A Kogan Albany College of Pharmacy,
Albany Medical College,
Stratton VA Medical Center, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, New York 12208, USA
Taichung Poah-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Catherine Whitbeck Albany College of Pharmacy,
Albany Medical College,
Stratton VA Medical Center, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, New York 12208, USA
Taichung Poah-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Paul Chichester Albany College of Pharmacy,
Albany Medical College,
Stratton VA Medical Center, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, New York 12208, USA
Taichung Poah-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Robert E Leggett Albany College of Pharmacy,
Albany Medical College,
Stratton VA Medical Center, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, New York 12208, USA
Taichung Poah-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Robert M Levin Albany College of Pharmacy,
Albany Medical College,
Stratton VA Medical Center, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, New York 12208, USA
Taichung Poah-Ai Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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compartments resulting in mucosal and smooth muscle atrophy, increased collagen synthesis and distribution, and decreased contractility. Estrogen supplementation reversed the effects of Ovx and resulted in smooth muscle hypertrophy and mucosal hyperplasia, and

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Melanie Tran Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Golam Mostofa Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Michael Picard Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Jianguo Wu Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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Li Wang Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Dong-Ju Shin Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

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. 2015 ). Increased SerpinA3N expression was also demonstrated in muscle atrophy models mediated by glucocorticoid suggesting that elevated SerpinA3N levels can promote disease progression ( Tjondrokoesoemo et al. 2016 ). More recently, Sergi et al

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Branka Šošić-Jurjević
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Branko Filipović
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Kostja Renko Department of Cytology, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Boulevard 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

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Vladimir Ajdžanović
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Milica Manojlović-Stojanoski
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Verica Milošević
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Josef Köhrle Department of Cytology, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Boulevard 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia

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the Orx group, which may be due to a skeletal muscles atrophy ( Rincon et al . 1996 , Axell et al . 2006 ) and/or decreased food intake ( Gentry & Wade 1976 ) induced by lack of androgens. Serum testosterone level in control middle-aged males was

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Manon M Roustit
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Joan M Vaughan Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Pauline M Jamieson Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Mark E Cleasby
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3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors . Molecular Cell 14 395 – 403 . ( doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(04)00211-4 ) Tsatsanis C Androulidaki A Alissafi T

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Sebastio Perrini Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Luigi Laviola Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Marcos C Carreira Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Angelo Cignarelli Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Annalisa Natalicchio Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Francesco Giorgino Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Bauerlein R Zlotchenko E Scrimgeour A Lawrence JC Glass DJ 2001 Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo . Nature Cell Biology 3 1014 – 1019 . Bohannon RW 1997

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Mutaz Musa Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3

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Shannon M Fernando Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3

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Diptendu Chatterjee Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3

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D Ashley Monks Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3
Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3

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side effects of systemic androgen therapy. As such, there is considerable interest in more targeted therapeutic options for treating muscle atrophy. Although androgenic effects on muscle are generally presumed to occur via actions on myocyte androgen

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