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tract, and female reproductive tract ( Stone & Darlington 2002 , Doherty et al . 2011 ). In mammals, most of tryptophan was metabolized along the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism was closely correlated with pregnancy ( Stone & Darlington
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mechanistic investigations in this area are still limited. The concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (aka DOHaD) suggests that the time during pregnancy, in the womb, and right after birth are crucial periods that significantly influence how
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Geriatrics, Shenyang Northern Hospital, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Hepig District, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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damaging for neurodevelopment of the fetus throughout pregnancy ( Morreale et al . 2004 ) and results in permanent and profound effects on neurological functions that contribute to cognitive and neurological impairments ( Bernal et al . 2003 , Tremont
The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
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The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, International Campus, Haining, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Introduction Stress experienced during pregnancy has detrimental effects on the offspring across the life course, beginning during fetal development, persisting through the postnatal period and into adulthood ( Glover et al. 2018 ). This
Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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uncertainty about potential health hazards. In addition, the WHO currently recommends supplementation with 0.4 mg/day of FA to women during pregnancy and the first 3 months post partum . As a result of all these public health policies, it is an emerging
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Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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with pregnancy disorders such as gestational diabetes (GDM) ( Crawford et al. 2015 , D’Anna & Santamaria 2018 ), pre-eclampsia ( D’Oria et al. 2017 ), intrauterine growth restriction ( Dessì & Fanos 2013 ) and fetal neural tube defects ( Copp
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during pregnancy and their impact on the microbiota of both mother and infant, including their links to early gut colonization and innate immunity in the infants that drive an increased risk for common metabolic diseases. Figure 1 Influential
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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have shown that offspring of mothers exposed to a low protein diet in pregnancy have reduced beta cell mass and impaired beta cell function ( Zambrano et al . 2006 ). This suggests that the limited supply of nutrients has decreased the rates of
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Birmingham Women’s & Children’s Foundation Hospital Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
CEDAM, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Birmingham Women’s & Children’s Foundation Hospital Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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CEDAM, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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transport. Circulating levels of 1,25D ( Kumar et al. 1979 ) and DBP ( Jorgensen et al. 2004 ) are increased during early pregnancy but the precise function of DBP in the placenta is unclear and may involve known vitamin D-independent functions of DBP
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Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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/cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations, maternal vitamin D status is considered an excellent indicator of internal fetal vitamin D status ( Novakovic et al . 2012 ). Reports on human pregnancies demonstrate an association between maternal