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Pengli Bu Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Shintaro Yagi Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Sciences/Animal Resource Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Kunio Shiota Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Veterinary Medical Sciences/Animal Resource Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

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S M Khorshed Alam Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Jay L Vivian Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Michael W Wolfe Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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M A Karim Rumi Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Damayanti Chakraborty Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Kaiyu Kubota Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Pramod Dhakal Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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Michael J Soares Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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cells regulates programming of the setpoint for testicular growth and function. In the absence of a functional Prl3c1 gene, the setpoint for testicular size and functional output was increased. The testicular homeostatic setpoint control system

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Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
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Susana Astiz
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Cristina Ovilo Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Micros Veterinaria, INIA, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

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Clemente J Lopez-Bote Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Micros Veterinaria, INIA, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

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Raul Sanchez-Sanchez
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Maria L Perez-Solana
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Laura Torres-Rovira Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Micros Veterinaria, INIA, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

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Miriam Ayuso Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Micros Veterinaria, INIA, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

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Jorge Gonzalez Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Micros Veterinaria, INIA, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

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, the concept of the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease ( Gluckman & Hanson 2004 ) proposes that changes in the intrauterine environment modify the metabolic status of the foetus, and thereby prenatal programming, play a key role in juvenile

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Maike Bollen School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Trevor A Mori School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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their interactive effects likely program the adult phenotype. The foetus is normally protected from high maternal glucocorticoid levels by the ‘placental glucocorticoid barrier’, in which the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2

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J L Nobre
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P C Lisboa
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A P Santos-Silva
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N S Lima
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A C Manhães
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J F Nogueira-Neto
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A Cabanelas Department of Physiological Sciences – 5° andar, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil

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C C Pazos-Moura Department of Physiological Sciences – 5° andar, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida 28 de setembro, 87, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil

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E G Moura
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E de Oliveira
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nutritional or hormonal factors during critical periods of life (such as pregnancy and/or lactation) with the development of chronic diseases in adulthood, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This biological phenomenon is known as metabolic programming

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Juliana Gastão Franco Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Egberto Gaspar de Moura Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Josely Correa Koury Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Paula Affonso Trotta Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Aline Cordeiro Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Luana Lopes Souza Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Norma Aparecida dos Santos Almeida Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Natália da Silva Lima Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Patrícia Cristina Lisboa Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Magna Cottini Fonseca Passos Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute
Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute

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Introduction Environmental, nutritional, or hormonal influences in early life (gestation and lactation) may change some physiological parameters in adulthood, a phenomenon known as programing ( Lucas 1994 , Barker 2007 , Moura & Passos 2005

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Trevor A Mori School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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2004 ). This association is thought to reflect the impact of early developmental disturbances that program adverse outcomes in adult life ( Gluckman & Hanson 2004 ). The latter may manifest as a predisposition for disease states, such as that which

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JE Eckert
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KL Gatford
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BG Luxford
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RG Campbell
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PC Owens
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Birth weight is a determinant of blood leptin concentrations in adults. Since nutrition during pregnancy can affect birth weight, the hypothesis that feed intake during pregnancy alters leptin expression in progeny was examined. Leptin mRNA was measured in subcutaneous adipose tissue and leptin protein was measuredin blood plasma from 59 day old female pigs whose mothers were fed at the same restricted rate except that half were permitted to consume 35% more feed during the second quarter of pregnancy. Leptin mRNA abundance in adipose tissue (P=0.015) and plasma leptin concentration (P=0.01) were higher in progeny from mothers provided with more feed. Body weight at birth was negatively correlated with the abundance of leptin mRNA in subcutaneous fat at 59 days of age (P=0.01). This study shows for the first time that maternal nutrition during pregnancy programs postnatal leptin expression in offspring.

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M A Hyatt Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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G S Gopalakrishnan Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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J Bispham Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S Gentili Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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I C McMillen Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S M Rhind Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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M T Rae Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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C E Kyle Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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A N Brooks Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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C Jones Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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H Budge Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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D Walker Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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T Stephenson Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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M E Symonds Institute of Clinical Research, Centre for Reproduction and Early Life,
Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre,
School of Nursing, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
Astra Zeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
Discipline of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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, Zhang et al. 2001 ). It is currently not known whether these processes are susceptible to long-term nutritional programming. The abundance of mRNA for growth factor genes is established to be nutritionally regulated in those fetal tissues whose

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Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
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Patrícia Cristina Lisboa Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5970, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Egberto Gaspar de Moura Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5970, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Luiz Felipe Barella
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Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
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Ananda Malta
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Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco
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Tatiane Aparecida da Silva Ribeiro
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Rosana Torrezan Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Block H67, Room 19, Colombo Avenue 5970, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Clarice Gravena
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Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
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metabolic programming or metabolic imprinting. There are strong associations between metabolic programming and functional and structural changes in the brain. Hypothalamic neuron dense areas related to body weight (BW) control are changed in adult rats that

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Xiaonan Yan State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China

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Xiaonan Dai State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China

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Jing Wang State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China

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Nannan Zhao State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China

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Yugui Cui State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China

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Jiayin Liu State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China

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substantiate the hypothesis that an early perturbation due to in utero androgen excess resets the reproductive and metabolic trajectory of the growing fetus and programs target tissue differentiation and development, supporting a potential role of epigenetics

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