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K Horiguchi
K Horiguchi
Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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S Yagi
S Yagi
Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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K Ono
K Ono
Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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Y Nishiura
Y Nishiura
Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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M Tanaka
M Tanaka
Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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M Ishida
M Ishida
Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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T Harigaya
T Harigaya
Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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Introduction The various functions of prolactin (PRL) in vertebrates include the growth and differentiation of mammary epithelium, lactation in mammals, osmoregulation and parental behavior in teleosts, amphibian development
Josephine F Trott
Josephine F Trott
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Katherine C Horigan
Katherine C Horigan
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Julia M Gloviczki
Julia M Gloviczki
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Kristen M Costa
Kristen M Costa
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Bradley A Freking
Bradley A Freking
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Chantal Farmer
Chantal Farmer
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Kanako Hayashi
Kanako Hayashi
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Thomas Spencer
Thomas Spencer
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Joseph E Morabito
Joseph E Morabito
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Russell C Hovey
Russell C Hovey
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Introduction The polypeptide hormone prolactin (PRL) regulates numerous physiological functions across multiple species. In pigs, PRL exerts its most significant effects on mammary gland growth ( Farmer et al . 2000 ), lactation ( Farmer et al
S Pearce
S Pearce
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H Budge
H Budge
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A Mostyn
A Mostyn
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E Genever
E Genever
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R Webb
R Webb
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P Ingleton
P Ingleton
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A M Walker
A M Walker
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M E Symonds
M E Symonds
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T Stephenson
T Stephenson
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Introduction During late gestation, ovine fetal prolactin (PRL) secretion is maintained by a tonic stimulatory, rather than inhibitory, drive from the hypothalamus ( Houghton et al. 1995 , McMillen et al. 2001 ). Plasma PRL
Y Feuermann
Y Feuermann
Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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S J Mabjeesh
S J Mabjeesh
Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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L Niv-Spector
L Niv-Spector
Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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D Levin
D Levin
Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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A Shamay
A Shamay
Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Departments of Animal Science,
Biochemistry, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Affiliated to the Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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-α , and prolactin regulate leptin expression at the adipose tissue ( Fruhbeck 2001 ). Prolactin, a hormone secreted from the pituitary acidophil cells, plays an important role in the morphological and biochemical differentiation of the epithelial cells
P. G. SALUJA
P. G. SALUJA
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M. GRONOW
M. GRONOW
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J. M. HAMILTON
J. M. HAMILTON
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SUMMARY
Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel followed by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue was used for the densitometric estimation of ovine prolactin standard and canine pituitary prolactin. The results were compared with those obtained by conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic procedures and isoelectric focusing was found to be a valid technique for the estimation of prolactin and to offer greater technical convenience.
The mobility of ovine and canine prolactin was similar in isoelectric focusing and gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of ovine and canine prolactin was found to be 6·17 and 6·61 respectively.
Constant levels of prolactin were found in the pituitaries of bitches at oestrus.
Jaroslav Kuneš
Jaroslav Kuneš
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Veronika Pražienková
Veronika Pražienková
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Andrea Popelová
Andrea Popelová
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Barbora Mikulášková
Barbora Mikulášková
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jana Zemenová
Jana Zemenová
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lenka Maletínská
Lenka Maletínská
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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antiobesity drugs. Prolactin-releasing peptide in food intake regulation The anorexigenic neuropeptide prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) was initially isolated from the hypothalamus as a ligand for the human orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR10
C Zermeño
C Zermeño
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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J Guzmán-Morales
J Guzmán-Morales
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Y Macotela
Y Macotela
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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G Nava
G Nava
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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F López-Barrera
F López-Barrera
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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J B Kouri
J B Kouri
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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C Lavalle
C Lavalle
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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G Martínez de la Escalera
G Martínez de la Escalera
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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C Clapp
C Clapp
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, México
Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, México
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are unclear and little is known about the regulatory factors responsible for their control. Prolactin (PRL) acts both as a circulating hormone and as a cytokine in a vast array of physiological functions that range from reproduction and
Eun-Jin Kang
Eun-Jin Kang
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea
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So-Hye Hong
So-Hye Hong
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea
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Jae-Eon Lee
Jae-Eon Lee
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea
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Seung Chul Kim
Seung Chul Kim
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Milyang, Republic of Korea
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Hoe-Saeng Yang
Hoe-Saeng Yang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pyong in Yi
Pyong in Yi
Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea
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Sang-Myeong Lee
Sang-Myeong Lee
College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Beum-Soo An
Beum-Soo An
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Milyang, Republic of Korea
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Introduction Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted from specialized cells of the anterior pituitary gland, which is known for its multiple effects on the female mammary gland, including regulation of growth and
Jackson Nteeba
Jackson Nteeba
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Kaiyu Kubota
Kaiyu Kubota
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Wenfang Wang
Wenfang Wang
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Hao Zhu
Hao Zhu
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Jay L Vivian
Jay L Vivian
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Guoli Dai
Guoli Dai
Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Michael J Soares
Michael J Soares
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Center for Perinatal Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
Center for Perinatal Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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. 2009 , Rieck & Kaestner 2010 , Huang 2013 ). It is hypothesized that these maternal pancreatic adaptations are driven by the pregnancy hormones, prolactin (PRL) and placental lactogens (PLs), acting through the PRL receptor (PRLR) at the β cells
R L Bogorad
R L Bogorad
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’ev Hills, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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T Y Ostroukhova
T Y Ostroukhova
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’ev Hills, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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A N Orlova
A N Orlova
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’ev Hills, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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P M Rubtsov
P M Rubtsov
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’ev Hills, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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O V Smirnova
O V Smirnova
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob’ev Hills, 119992, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Laboratory of Hormones and Receptors, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Introduction Several prolactin receptor (PrlR) isoforms have been identified in mammals. In rat, they have been shown to be produced via alternative splicing of PrlR pre-mRNA: the formation of long and short isoforms result from
