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Nathalie Marissal-Arvy INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Rachel Hamiani INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Emmanuel Richard INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Marie-Pierre Moisan INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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Véronique Pallet INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
INRA, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INSERM, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR1286, Université de Bordeaux 2, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France

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was hypoactive and hyporeactive to different stressors ( Helies et al . 2005 , Marissal-Arvy et al . 2007 , 2011 ). This study aimed to explore the role played by retinoids in the hypoactivity and hyporeactivity of the HPA axis in LOU/C rats. For

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Luba Sominsky School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Christine L Jasoni School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Hannah R Twigg School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Sarah J Spencer School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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and neuronal subtypes present ( Pearson & Placzek 2013 , Watts 2015 ). The various neuronal populations found throughout the hypothalamus are drivers of key biological processes in the mature animal, including feeding and metabolism, stress

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Marian Joëls Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands

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E Ronald de Kloet Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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-affinity site was termed Type 1 corticosterone preferring (the MR) to distinguish it from the lower affinity Type 2 sites (the GR) that required stress levels of corticosterone for activation and that also bound synthetic glucocorticoids ( Reul & de Kloet 1985

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Mathias V Schmidt Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Claudia Liebl Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Vera Sterlemann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Karin Ganea Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Jakob Hartmann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Daniela Harbich Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Stephanie Alam Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Marianne B Müller Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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the so-called stress hypo-responsive period (SHRP) that lasts from about postnatal day 1 (P1) to P12 in the mouse ( Schmidt et al . 2003 a ). During this period, basal circulating corticosterone levels are very low and mild stressors are unable to

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Sara Sandrini Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK

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Marwh Aldriwesh Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK

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Mashael Alruways Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK

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Primrose Freestone Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK

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focused on interaction of gut bacteria with the fight and flight catecholamines adrenaline, noradrenaline (NE) and dopamine ( Freestone 2013 ; Fig. 1 ). This focus on the catecholamines and bacteria came about because of the long-held view that stress in

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A L Markel
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O E Redina
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M A Gilinsky Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Laboratory of Adaptation Processes Regulation, Laboratory of Genome Structure, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

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G M Dymshits Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Laboratory of Adaptation Processes Regulation, Laboratory of Genome Structure, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

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E V Kalashnikova Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Laboratory of Adaptation Processes Regulation, Laboratory of Genome Structure, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

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Yu V Khvorostova Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Laboratory of Adaptation Processes Regulation, Laboratory of Genome Structure, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

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L A Fedoseeva Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Laboratory of Adaptation Processes Regulation, Laboratory of Genome Structure, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

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G S Jacobson Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Laboratory of Adaptation Processes Regulation, Laboratory of Genome Structure, Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia

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Introduction There is ample evidence indicating that emotional stress may be an important contributor to the formation of the hypertensive condition ( Mustacchi 1990 , Boone 1991 , Mancia et al . 1997 , Light 2001 , Kaushik et al . 2004

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R Prasad Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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J C Kowalczyk Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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E Meimaridou Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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H L Storr Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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L A Metherell Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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, differentiation, apoptosis, immune regulation and cellular adaptation to stress ( Ray et al . 2012 , Sena & Chandel 2012 ). A critical balance in redox status needs to be maintained and this is achieved by numerous interacting antioxidant pathways. Oxidative

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Allison R Foilb Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, Milbank Hall, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA

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Patina Lui Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, Milbank Hall, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA

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Russell D Romeo Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, Milbank Hall, 3009 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, USA

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individual's development. Recent research has drawn attention to the fact that pubertal and adolescent maturation in human and non-human animals is marked by changes in hormonal stress responsiveness that may have profound consequences for an organism's short

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Jordan E Hamden Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Melody Salehzadeh Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Katherine M Gray Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Brandon J Forys Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Kiran K Soma Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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). Importantly, the environmental factors that drive local corticosterone production are unknown, but might be of greater importance during early life, when adrenal GC production is low in altricial species, termed the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP

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C E Koch University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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M S Bartlang University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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J T Kiehn University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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L Lucke Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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N Naujokat University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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C Helfrich-Förster University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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S O Reber Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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H Oster University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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Introduction In modern societies the rising prevalence of chronic social stress has been suggested to promote the development of various diseases including major depression, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders ( Cohen et al . 2007

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