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Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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cerebroventricular system produces hypertensive effects, most studies report that α-MSH administration into the NTS decreases blood pressure and heart rate (HR) through a reduced sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity ( Li et al . 1996 , Pavia et al . 2003
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-specific inner mitochondrial membrane protein UCP1. BAT is highly vascularized and richly innervated by postganglionic nerve terminals of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS; Baron et al . 2012 , Vaughan et al . 2014 ). Thermoregulatory pathways are induced
Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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the AT by a dynamic balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction in response to microenvironmental changes ( Karpe et al. 2002 , Ardilouze et al. 2004 , Alemany 2012 ). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) that innervates the AT is a major
Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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be higher in the late stages of the period. Therefore, changes in energy expenditure or nutrient partitioning must be responsible for augmented fat mass loss. SNS-driven BAT thermogenesis analyzed as Ucp1 mRNA and SNS activity in adrenal gland
Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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crucial to increase plasma insulin. Pancreatic β-cells receive many neural terminals, including the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with their parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) branches, which release acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA
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dysfunction in humans. Crosstalk between insulin signaling and β-adrenergic receptor signaling via IRS Increased catecholamine release, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and promotes heart failure
Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil
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sympathetic nerves system (SNS), respectively have the ability to potentiate and/or inhibit insulin secretion through the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and adrenoreceptors, present on the β -cell surface ( Gautam et al. 2006 ). In
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Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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BAT through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) depends on T 3 -mediated activation of de novo lipogenesis in the hypothalamic VMH ( Lopez et al . 2010 ), establishing a role for T 3 in the VMH in the regulation of BAT. Together, these studies
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perceived by the brain, leading to activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the induction of thermogenesis ( Lowell & Spiegelman 2000 , Cannon & Nedergaard 2004 ). Noradrenaline is released within BAT and activates uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1
INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U724, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184 F 54505 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial . Annals of Internal Medicine 140 778 – 785 . Strack A Akana S Horsley C Dallman M 1997 A hypercaloric load induces thermogenesis but inhibits stress responses in the SNS and HPA system