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K Eerola Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland

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P Rinne Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland

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A M Penttinen Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland

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L Vähätalo Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland

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M Savontaus Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland

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E Savontaus Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
Department of Pharmacology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Drug Research Doctoral Program, Heart Center, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland

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cerebroventricular system produces hypertensive effects, most studies report that α-MSH administration into the NTS decreases blood pressure and heart rate (HR) through a reduced sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity ( Li et al . 1996 , Pavia et al . 2003

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Abdoulaye Diané Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9

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Nikolina Nikolic Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9

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Alexander P Rudecki Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9

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Shannon M King Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9

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Drew J Bowie Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9

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Sarah L Gray Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9

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-specific inner mitochondrial membrane protein UCP1. BAT is highly vascularized and richly innervated by postganglionic nerve terminals of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS; Baron et al . 2012 , Vaughan et al . 2014 ). Thermoregulatory pathways are induced

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Hye-Jin Lee BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Haifei Shi Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA

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Hella S Brönneke Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Köln, Germany

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Bo-Yeong Jin BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sang-Hyun Choi Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Randy J Seeley Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Dong-Hoon Kim BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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the AT by a dynamic balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction in response to microenvironmental changes ( Karpe et al. 2002 , Ardilouze et al. 2004 , Alemany 2012 ). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) that innervates the AT is a major

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K Eerola Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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S Virtanen Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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L Vähätalo Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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L Ailanen Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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M Cai Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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V Hruby Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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M Savontaus Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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E Savontaus Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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be higher in the late stages of the period. Therefore, changes in energy expenditure or nutrient partitioning must be responsible for augmented fat mass loss. SNS-driven BAT thermogenesis analyzed as Ucp1 mRNA and SNS activity in adrenal gland

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Rosiane A Miranda Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Rosana Torrezan Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Júlio C de Oliveira Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil

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Luiz F Barella Molecular Signalling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

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Claudinéia C da Silva Franco Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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Patrícia C Lisboa Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Egberto G Moura Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Paulo C F Mathias Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil

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crucial to increase plasma insulin. Pancreatic β-cells receive many neural terminals, including the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with their parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) branches, which release acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA

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Cathy A Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Shaodong Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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dysfunction in humans. Crosstalk between insulin signaling and β-adrenergic receptor signaling via IRS Increased catecholamine release, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and promotes heart failure

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Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada
Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Audrei Pavanello Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Laize Peron Tófolo Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Júlio Cezar de Oliveira Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

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Ana Maria Praxedes de Moraes Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Kelly Valério Prates Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Isabela Peixoto Martins Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Kesia Palma-Rigo Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Rosana Torrezan Department of Physiologic Science, State University of Maringá – Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Erica Yeo Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Laboratory of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil

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Flávio Andrade Francisco Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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Ananda Malta Department of Biotechnology, Genetics, and Cellular Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Parana, Brazil

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sympathetic nerves system (SNS), respectively have the ability to potentiate and/or inhibit insulin secretion through the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and adrenoreceptors, present on the β -cell surface ( Gautam et al. 2006 ). In

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Z Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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P H Bisschop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Foppen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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H C van Beeren Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Kalsbeek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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BAT through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) depends on T 3 -mediated activation of de novo lipogenesis in the hypothalamic VMH ( Lopez et al . 2010 ), establishing a role for T 3 in the VMH in the regulation of BAT. Together, these studies

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John-Paul Fuller-Jackson
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Belinda A Henry Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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perceived by the brain, leading to activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the induction of thermogenesis ( Lowell & Spiegelman 2000 , Cannon & Nedergaard 2004 ). Noradrenaline is released within BAT and activates uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1

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Bernard Beck INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U724, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184 F 54505 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U724, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184 F 54505 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France

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Sébastien Richy INSERM, Université Henri Poincaré, U724, Faculté de Médecine, BP 184 F 54505 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France

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obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial . Annals of Internal Medicine 140 778 – 785 . Strack A Akana S Horsley C Dallman M 1997 A hypercaloric load induces thermogenesis but inhibits stress responses in the SNS and HPA system

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