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Daisuke Fujita Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Akiko Tanabe Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Tatsuharu Sekijima Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Hekiko Soen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Keijirou Narahara Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshiki Yamashita Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshito Terai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Hideki Kamegai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masahide Ohmichi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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et al . 2006 ). A variety of angiogenic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are expressed in the placenta ( Park et al . 1994 , Cooper et al . 1995 ). VEGF is a powerful endothelial cell mitogen, and supports

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Yan Lin
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Suyi Li Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China

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Peng Cao Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China

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Lu Cheng Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China

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Ming Quan Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China

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Suyu Jiang Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China

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factor to determine whether GH/rhGH can be used in patients with malignant cancer. In our previous study ( Li et al . 2010 ), we found that rhGH could dramatically stimulate proliferation of GHR + human hepatoma carcinoma cells, induce VEGF secretion

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Graham W Aberdeen Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Jeffery S Babischkin Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Gerald J Pepe Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Eugene D Albrecht Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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growth factor (VEGF) has a well-established role in promoting angiogenesis in the adult, i.e. the formation and proliferation of capillaries ( Ferrara 1999 , Dvorak 2000 , Wagner 2011 ), and estrogen stimulates VEGF expression in many estrogen receptor

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Amanda K Mauro Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Nauman Khurshid Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Danielle M Berdahl Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Amanda C Ampey Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Daniel Adu Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Dinesh M Shah Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Derek S Boeldt Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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critical to pregnancy-adapted endothelial function ( Boeldt et al. 2015 , Ampey et al. 2019 , Mauro et al. 2020 ). In this study, we seek to screen the effects of growth factors (VEGF 165 , PlGF, EGF, bFGF) and cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β

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Pi-Jung Hsiao
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Ming-Ying Lu
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Feng-Yu Chiang
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Shyi-Jang Shin
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Yu-Da Tai
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Suh-Hang Hank Juo
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lymphatic system ( Turner et al. 2003 ). Angiogenesis is a process of new blood vessel development from preexisting vasculature. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent endothelial cell mitogens and plays a crucial

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Nele Schwarz Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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Derek Renshaw Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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Supriya Kapas Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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Joy P Hinson Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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( Ishikawa et al. 2003 ). In the endothelial cells, AM and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) act in a conjoined manner to induce angiogenic effects in vitro , but the angiogenic actions of AM appear to be independent of VEGF secretion

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Toshiaki Ishizuka Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Takashi Hinata Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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Yasuhiro Watanabe Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan

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, Tateishi-Yuyama et al . 2002 , Stamm et al . 2003 ). Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a potent source of critical growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), which protect

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Yoshimitsu Kuwabara Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Akira Katayama Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Ryoko Tomiyama Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Hu Piao Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Sachiko Kurihara Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Shuichi Ono Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Katsuya Mine Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Shigeo Akira Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Hideo Orimo Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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Toshiyuki Takeshita Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan

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(Mm00441558_m1), P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme ( p450scc ) (Mm00490735_m1), 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isomerase ( Hsd 3b ) (Mm00476184_g1), vascular endothelial growth factor ( Vegf ) (Mm01281449_m1), and an endogenous control

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Nicoletta Di Simone Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy

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Fiorella Di Nicuolo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy

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Maurizio Sanguinetti Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy

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Roberta Castellani Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy

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Marco D’Asta Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy

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Leonardo Caforio Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy

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Alessandro Caruso Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy

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growth factor (VEGF) production. Materials and Methods Cell culture BeWo choriocarcinoma cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). Cells were cultured in F12-K

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Irit Miller Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel

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Hadas Bar-Joseph The TMCR Unit, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel

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Luba Nemerovsky Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel

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Ido Ben-Ami IVF and Infertility Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University Medical School of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

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Ruth Shalgi Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel

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( Goodarzi et al. 2011 , Caldwell et al. 2014 , Azziz et al. 2016 ). Additionally, patients with PCOS frequently present an enhanced expression of ovarian vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8

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