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Hao Wu Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
The ‘973’ National Basic Research Program of China, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Junduo Wu Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Shengzhu Zhou Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Wenlin Huang School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia, USA

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Ying Li Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Huan Zhang Operating Theatre, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Junnan Wang Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Ye Jia Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Macrovascular complications develop in >50% of the diabetic patients and result in high mortality ( King & Wakasaki 1999 , Forbes et al . 2004 ). Given the dramatic increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM

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Manuela Elsen Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

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Silja Raschke Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

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Jürgen Eckel Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

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-induced insulin resistance ( Boström et al . 2012 a ). These results suggested a potential protective role of irisin in the development of type 2 diabetes, one of the major obesity-associated metabolic diseases. In order to investigate the relevance of irisin in

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Bernard Khoo Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK

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Tricia Mei-Mei Tan Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK

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, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obstructive sleep apnoea, subfertility, cancers (breast, ovary, prostate, liver, endometrium and colon) and fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Key drivers of

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Yolanda Diz-Chaves Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Manuel Gil-Lozano Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Laura Toba Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Juan Fandiño Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Hugo Ogando Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Lucas C González-Matías Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Federico Mallo Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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nervous system (SNS) activation, favours the accumulation of visceral fat and contributes to the clinical presentation of visceral obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and related cardiometabolic complications. In addition, both circulating and local

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Mohammed Bensellam Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium

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Jean-Christophe Jonas Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d’Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium

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D Ross Laybutt Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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animal and human studies suggest that mature β-cells could regress backwards to a precursor-like stage and/or transdifferentiate into other islet cells in type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, cellular differentiation is not unidirectional. Indeed

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Wang-Yang Xu State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yan Shen State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Houbao Zhu State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Junhui Gao Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chen Zhang Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Lingyun Tang State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Shun-Yuan Lu State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chun-Ling Shen State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hong-Xin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ziwei Li Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Peng Meng Biotecan Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ying-Han Wan Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, China

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Jian Fei Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, China

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Zhu-Gang Wang State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine of Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai, China
Model Organism Division, E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai, China

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adipocytes makes β3AR-based lipolysis and thermogenesis become a new therapeutic strategy against obesity and diabetes. 2-AAA is a potential regulator of glucose homeostasis, which is higher in T2D patients and considered to be a biomarker for T2D mellitus

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Prabhakara R Nagareddy Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Sunil K Noothi Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Michelle C Flynn Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Andrew J Murphy Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome to promote an exacerbated myelopoietic phenotype. The mechanisms of each of these risk factors in relation to myeloid-driven CAD are summarized in Fig. 1 (modified from Murphy & Tall 2016 ) and detailed below

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Caterina Luana Pitasi Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Junjun Liu Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Blandine Gausserès Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Gaëlle Pommier Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Etienne Delangre Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Mathieu Armanet Cell Therapy Unit, Saint-Louis hospital, AP-HP, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France

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Pierre Cattan Cell Therapy Unit, Saint-Louis hospital, AP-HP, University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France

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Bruno Mégarbane INSERM UMRS1144, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France

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Anne-Sophie Hanak INSERM UMRS1144, Université Paris-Descartes, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France

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Kamel Maouche Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Danielle Bailbé Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Bernard Portha Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Jamileh Movassat Université Paris Diderot, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Team ‘Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine’, Paris, France

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is recognized as a state of chronic inflammation. In addition to systemic and adipose tissue inflammation ( Dalmas et al. 2011 ), local inflammation within the endocrine pancreas has been established and

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Weiwei Xu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Jamie Morford Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Franck Mauvais-Jarvis Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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particularly surprising, as observational studies have implicated low testosterone levels in both the development of insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and diabetes in men, and hyperglycemia requires β cell dysfunction to develop. In the

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Andrew W Norris Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Katie Larson Ode Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Lina Merjaneh Division of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Srinath Sanda Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Yaling Yi Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Xingshen Sun Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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John F Engelhardt Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Rebecca L Hull Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Example Disease Pancreatic insufficiency risk (Ahmed et al . 2003) Diabetes risk (Adler et al . 2008) I Failed synthesis G542X Severe High High II Failed protein processing F508del Severe High High III

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