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Michael Hastings Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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John S O’Neill Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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Elizabeth S Maywood Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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Introduction The endocrine axis is forever dynamic. The synthesis and secretion of hormones change predictably over the course of hours, months, years and lifetimes ( Hastings 1991 , Czeisler & Klerman 1999 ). The most dramatic

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Rachel K Meyer School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Frank A Duca School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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nervous system. Introduction Energy and glucose homeostasis are tightly controlled by coordinated neural and endocrine signals that facilitate tissue crosstalk and central nervous system (CNS) integration to regulate food intake, energy expenditure

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S S Jonker Knight Cardiovascular Institute Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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S Louey Knight Cardiovascular Institute Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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sheep model has enabled a detailed examination of how the fetal cardiac environment shapes cardiomyocyte growth, maturation and endowment. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about endocrine and other regulators of growth and

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Sandra K Szlapinski London, Ontario, Canada

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David J Hill Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

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, Fasoulakis et al. 2023 ). Both conditions adversely affect the development of endocrine pancreas cells, resulting in future deficiencies (e.g. reduced beta cells) and reduced plasticity during times of metabolic demand, which can contribute to the

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K J Oldknow Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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V E MacRae Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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C Farquharson Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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all species, the ability to precisely regulate energy production and expenditure is critical. In a once unstable environment, mammals evolved intricate paracrine, autocrine and endocrine signalling pathways that coordinate energy expenditure and

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Amy Hughes Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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Darling Rojas-Canales Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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Chris Drogemuller Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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Nicolas H Voelcker Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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Shane T Grey Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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P T H Coates Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation (CCET), Australian Islet Transplant Consortium, School of Medicine, Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Mawson Institute, Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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IGF2 with the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) on the islet cell surface. For these reasons, we believe that IGF2 represents the more promising endocrine growth factor to improve islet transplant survival. This review provides an overview of the current

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Kazuyuki Hoshijima Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-19 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan

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Shigehisa Hirose Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-19 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan

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and absorb water. As in mammals, the endocrine system plays a central role in such homeostatic regulation in fish ( McCormick & Bradshaw 2006 ). Many endocrine genes, including hormones and activating enzymes, have been identified in teleost

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Ralf Baumeister Bio 3, Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, University of Freiburg, Germany
ZBSA – Freiburg Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany

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Elke Schaffitzel Bio 3, Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, University of Freiburg, Germany
ZBSA – Freiburg Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany

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Maren Hertweck Bio 3, Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, University of Freiburg, Germany
ZBSA – Freiburg Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany

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Introduction The soil nematode C. elegans provides a very attractive model to study the genetics and biochemistry of the endocrine system, and provides insight on signaling pathways relevant for human biology and medicine. The worm

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Amy R Quinn
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Cynthia L Blanco
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Carla Perego Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Giovanna Finzi Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Stefano La Rosa Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Carlo Capella Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Rodolfo Guardado-Mendoza Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Francesca Casiraghi Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Amalia Gastaldelli Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Marney Johnson
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Edward J Dick Jr Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Franco Folli Neonatology Division, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Pathology, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Diabetes Division, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC-7812, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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et al . 2009 , Collombat et al . 2010 , Halban et al . 2010 ). In order to design therapies with this goal in mind, it is imperative to elucidate the natural development of the endocrine pancreas during fetal life. Pancreas morphogenesis has been

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I. W. Henderson
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To many attending the 6th Joint Meeting of British Endocrine Societies at the University of Warwick in March 1987, one symposium appeared perhaps somewhat unorthodox in its subject area, being juxtaposed alongside more clearly defined specialities such as the Oestrogen Receptor, Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Adrenal Gland. The Symposium itself (Journal of Endocrinology, 1987) covered a broad spectrum of endocrinology and gave refreshing views of contemporary endocrinology. These included:

  1. (1) a discussion of current morphological methods for identifying hormones and their receptors;

  2. (2) a critical analysis of so-called ectopic hormones;

  3. (3) a provocative hypothesis regarding the evolutionary origin of the neuroendocrine system;

  4. (4) the current status and likely direction of investigation into the, at present, unidentified endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF).

All of these communications, dealing with rapidly moving areas, gave their audience insight into some philosophies that underly much of contemporary endocrinology. It is apt to preface a commentary on this Symposium by

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