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Irving Salinas Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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Niharika Sinha Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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Aritro Sen Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

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) in both normal and pathophysiological conditions. In women, androgens are produced in the ovaries ( Franks & Hardy 2018 ), adrenal glands ( Burger 2002 ), and fat cells ( Cadagan et al . 2014 ) which exhibit its actions directly through androgen

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K A Chan Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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M W Tsoulis Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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D M Sloboda Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West HSC 4H30A, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1

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multiple generations ( Gluckman et al . 2007 , Aiken & Ozanne 2014 ). Although science has made significant advances in understanding how this occurs, the exact signaling pathways still remain unclear. As germ cells (oocytes) in the growing fetal ovary

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Florencia Figueroa Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Gisela Mendoza Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Darío Cardozo Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Fabián Mohamed Area Morfología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Liliana Oliveros Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Myriam Forneris Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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functional significance of the ovary peripheral innervation in the pathogenesis of reproductive endocrine disorders. In rats, most of the sympathetic fibers innervating the ovaries arise from the superior mesenteric/celiac plexus ganglia and reach the ovary

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Rachel A Forsdike Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Kate Hardy Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Lauren Bull Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Jaroslav Stark Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Lisa J Webber Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Sharron Stubbs Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Jane E Robinson Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Stephen Franks Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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& Foster 1998 , Sharma et al. 2002 ) and abnormal development of the ovary ( West et al. 2001 , Steckler et al. 2005 ). The focus of this report is on the effects of in utero exposure to testosterone on ovarian function in postnatal life. The

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Hong-Hui Wang College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Qian Cui Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Teng Zhang State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Lei Guo State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Ming-Zhe Dong College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Yi Hou State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Zhen-Bo Wang State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Wei Shen Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Jun-Yu Ma Laboratory for Germ Cell Metabolism, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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Qing-Yuan Sun College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China

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body fat stores and help the organism attain a balanced state between energy output and intake ( Halaas et al . 1995 ). Besides, leptin can influence the ovary function and developing embryo through its interaction with gonadotropins and the hormones

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Mary C Gieske Department of Clinical Sciences and Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea

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Gi Youn Na Department of Clinical Sciences and Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea

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Yongbum Koo Department of Clinical Sciences and Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea

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Misung Jo Department of Clinical Sciences and Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea

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Thomas E Curry Jr Department of Clinical Sciences and Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea

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Chemyong Ko Department of Clinical Sciences and Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
School of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea

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in various tissues, while CD46 is detected predominantly in testes ( Kumar et al. 1993 , Mead et al. 1999 ). In the human ovary, CD46 and DAF protein are found in granulosa cells of primordial follicles, and in both granulosa and theca cells of

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S. Franks
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The importance of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a cause of anovulatory infertility and of hirsutism has been recognized for more than half a century but it has become increasingly obvious that the presence of polycystic ovaries has wider implications within and beyond the field of reproductive function. This is largely due to recent advances in ultrasound imaging of the ovaries. It is clear that polycystic ovaries are not only much more prevalent in patients with anovulation or hirsutism than would be predicted from endocrine investigation alone (Adams, Poison & Franks, 1986; Fox, Corrigan, Thomas & Hull, 1991) but also occur in over 80% of 'fertile' women who have a history of recurrent early pregnancy loss (Sagle, Bishop, Ridley et al. 1988) and in a significant proportion (22%) of the normal population (Polson, Adams, Wadsworth & Franks, 1988). The latter findings have called into question the specificity of the polycystic

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Ann E Drummond Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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(aromatase knockout mouse, ArKO: Fisher et al . 1998 , Britt et al . 2000 ). ERα and ERβ exhibit species-/tissue-/cell-specific localisation and levels of expression ( Fig. 1 ). ERβ has been detected primarily in the ovary (granulosa cells, theca cells

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Kirsty A Walters School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Alba Moreno-Asso Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia

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Nigel K Stepto Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Medicine at Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Valentina Rodriguez Paris School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Raymond J Rodgers The Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition affecting females of reproductive age, with women suffering from a wide range of ill-health symptoms including endocrine, reproductive, metabolic and

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Eliana H Akamine Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Anderson C Marçal Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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João Paulo Camporez Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Mara S Hoshida Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Luciana C Caperuto Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Estela Bevilacqua Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Carla R O Carvalho Departments of, Physiology and Biophysics, Pharmacology, Cell and Development of Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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steroidogenesis in ovarian cells in vitro ( Barbieri et al . 1983 ) and the presence of insulin receptor in both stromal and follicular compartments of human ovary ( Poretsky et al . 1984 ) have established the ovary as a target organ for insulin action

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