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Rosalia C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Dustin M Brown Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Charles M Quick Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Iad Alhallak Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Tyler Rose Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Shi J Liu Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Angela S Kelley Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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(average age 13–45 years) ( Burney & Giudice 2012 ). Debilitating pelvic pain, infertility in 50% of afflicted patients, considerable morbidity, and an economic burden of ~$50B a year in the United States alone accompany this condition. ENDO is often

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Ladan Eshkevari
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Eva Permaul School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA Departments of Histopathology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 421 St Mary's Hall, 3700 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007

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Susan E Mulroney School of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University Medical Center, USA Departments of Histopathology, Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 421 St Mary's Hall, 3700 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007

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stress and obesity ( Kuo et al . 2007 ). We therefore used this chronic stress/pain paradigm to examine PVN CRH, adrenal NE and NPY, and circulating CORT and ACTH in sham and EA St 36 rats after 10 days of cold stress. We chose ST 36 because it is a

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Douglas A Gibson Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Frances Collins Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, UK

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Philippa T K Saunders Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, UK

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reproductive age; may be asymptomatic. 40% of infertile patients may have endometriosis Three subtypes – aetiology may be different. Neuroinflammation and chronic pain. Changes in peritoneal environment. (Horne et al. 2017, Horne & Saunders 2019

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Yoshihiro Joshua Ono Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshito Terai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Akiko Tanabe Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Atsushi Hayashi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masami Hayashi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshiki Yamashita Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Satoru Kyo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masahide Ohmichi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Introduction Endometriosis is a chronic, benign disease, which is characterized by the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, primarily on the ovaries. It is a major cause of symptoms such as pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea

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Alberto Loizzo
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Santi M Spampinato Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Gabriele Campana Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Stefano Vella
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Andrea Fortuna
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Loredana Costa
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Anna Capasso Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Palmiero Monteleone Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Paolo Renzi Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', via Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Stefano Loizzo
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under the skin of its back (s.c.) with sterile saline (1 ml/kg body weight). The double-stress model consisted therefore of brief mother deprivation plus sham injection pain. Ten minutes later, they returned to the home cage with mother. The procedure

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Se Hee Min Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jung Hee Kim Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Yu Mi Kang Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Seung Hak Lee Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Byung-Mo Oh Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kyou-Sup Han Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Meihua Zhang Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hoe Suk Kim Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Woo Kyung Moon Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hakmo Lee Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kyong Soo Park Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hye Seung Jung Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Introduction Although there are several drugs for treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN), they are not curative but aim to alleviate the pain ( Ko & Cha 2012 ), and the main problem is that there are few treatment options that can

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Georgia Papacleovoulou The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Hilary O D Critchley The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Stephen G Hillier The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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J Ian Mason The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Reproductive Biology, Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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(mean age 36 years) who underwent surgery for non-malignant, benign gynaecological disorders, such as fibroids, heavy menstruation and pelvic pain. Written consent to obtain tissue was provided by all patients and the Lothian Research Ethics Committee

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Emma J Hamilton Medical School, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

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Stephen M Twigg Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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its mysteries has been progressing in recent years. A review from Western Australia emphasises that oxidative stress may be a main peripheral pathogenic mediator, and central regulation with sensitisation of pain requires further examination ( Ye et

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Ken Kubota Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5–8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan

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Toshiro Kubota Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5–8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan

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Daisuke Kamei Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5–8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan

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Makoto Murakami Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5–8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan

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Ichiro Kudo Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5–8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan

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Takeshi Aso Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5–8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan

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Ikuo Morita Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Comprehensive Reproductive Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5–45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5–8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan

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regulates fever, swelling, pain, tumorigenesis, gastrointestinal protection, osteogenesis and wound healing ( Funk 2001 , Harris et al. 2002 , Murakami & Kudo 2004 ). PGE 2 production from arachidonic acid, which is released by phospholipase A 2 from

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K S Fegan
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M T Rae University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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H O D Critchley University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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S G Hillier University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK

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other hand, inflammatory injury to the PSE frequently leads to adhesion formation with adverse clinical sequelae including pain, bowel obstruction and, in the female, infertility. Thus, despite their common embryological origin, the anti

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