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Andrew T Major Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Katie L Ayers Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital and University of Melbourne Departments of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Justin Chue Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital and University of Melbourne Departments of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Kelly N Roeszler Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital and University of Melbourne Departments of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Craig A Smith Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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does not play a central functional role in sexual differentiation of the gonads in mouse, but is more important in maintaining granulosa cell identity postnatally. In mouse, Foxl2 is thought to be required to maintain the ovarian phenotype

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Rob Zachow
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Mehmet Uzumcu Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-UMDNJ, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA

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/c-met-dependent signaling ( Peruzzi & Bottaro 2006 ). Ovarian function Folliculogenesis Folliculogenesis is a dynamic process during which follicular granulosa cells (GCs) and theca cells proliferate and differentiate to produce factors (e.g., steroid and peptide hormones

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James A Oakes Department of Oncology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK

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Lise Barnard Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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Karl-Heinz Storbeck Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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Vincent T Cunliffe The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK

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Nils P Krone Department of Oncology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
The Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Introduction The roles of androgens in zebrafish sex differentiation, development of male sexual characteristics, and maintenance and function of the adult testes are poorly understood. Laboratory strains of zebrafish lack sex chromosomes and

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Geoffrey Raisman Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK

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the developing gonad during a critical perinatal period. The same differentiating effects are also present in human sexual development ( Money et al . 1968 , Money & Ehrhardt 1971 ). During late embryonic life, and for roughly the first 7–10 days

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Virginia Rider Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Kazuto Isuzugawa Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Meryl Twarog Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Stacy Jones Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Brent Cameron Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Kazuhiko Imakawa Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Jianwen Fang Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, USA
Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA

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Introduction Female sex steroids control proliferation and differentiation of target cells by altering the rates of specific gene transcription ( Tsai & O’Malley 1994 , Hall et al. 2001 , Li & O’Malley 2003 ). In the endometrium

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Caroline Alfaia PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, Nouzilly, France

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Vincent Robert PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, Nouzilly, France

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Kevin Poissenot PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, Nouzilly, France

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Yves Levern ISP, INRA, Tours University, Nouzilly, France

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Daniel Guillaume PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, Nouzilly, France

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Shel-Hwa Yeo Reproductive Physiology Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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William H Colledge Reproductive Physiology Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Isabelle Franceschini PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, Nouzilly, France

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complement, gonadal hormones and neuronal steroid synthesis on the sexual differentiation of mammalian neurons . Journal of Neurogenetics 300 – 306 . ( https://doi.org/10.1080/01677063.2017.1390572 ) Ciofi P Leroy D Tramu G 2006 Sexual

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Ian S McLennan Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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as a regulator of germ cells ( Morinaga et al . 2007 ). AMH's role as an essential inducer of male sexual differentiation also predates the Müllerian duct. In some species of fish, AMH regulates the differentiation of the gonads into testes, and

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C J Corbin Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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E L Legacki Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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B A Ball Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

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K E Scoggin Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

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S D Stanley Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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A J Conley Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA

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mammalian sexual differentiation . Recent Progress in Hormone Research 50 349 – 364 . ( doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-571150-0.50021-4 )

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Yuqi Wang University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Bernd Riedstra University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Martijn van Faassen Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Alle Pranger Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Ido Kema Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Ton G G Groothuis University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands

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interfere with embryonic sexual differentiation in birds ( Groothuis & Schwabl 2008 , Hsu et al. 2016 ). Given the supraphysiological dosage of testosterone-[D5] we applied, this lack of a sex difference suggests that male and female embryos have similar

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J. PRESL
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J. HERZMANN
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J. HORSKý
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Morphological and sexual differentiation extending far into postnatal life in the rat, a species with short gestation, is influenced in the female first by the absence and later by the presence of ovarian oestrogens. Therefore, in the present study the total oestrogen concentration was determined in the blood of normal female rats from the early postnatal critical period of hypothalamic sexual differentiation until sexual maturity.

Wistar rats aged 5–7 days were used. The animals were given heparin s.c. (5- and 10-day-old animals receiving 500 i.u., all others 1000 i.u.) and were killed by decapitation 45 min. later. At each age studied, blood from groups of 6–120 animals (Table 1) was pooled and replicate samples of 5 ml. were taken from each pool. The oestrogens were extracted and purified according to the method described in detail by Herzmann, Presl, Horský & Vrchlabská (1967) and were measured fluorimetrically (Ittrich, 1960).

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