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Gabriela Capllonch-Amer Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Miquel Sbert-Roig Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Bel M Galmés-Pascual Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Ana M Proenza Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Isabel Lladó Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Magdalena Gianotti Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Francisco J García-Palmer Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Introduction Sexual dimorphism in mitochondrial functionality has been described in many rat tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, brain, and skeletal muscle ( Colom et al . 2007 a , b , Valle et al . 2007 a , b , Gómez-Pérez et al . 2008

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Geoffrey Raisman Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK

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influences through the brain to the control of the endocrine system ( Vogt 1972 , Raisman 1997 ). And, as anticipated by Marshall, it was the influence of light on reproduction that would be a royal route of investigation. Sexual dimorphism in the brain I

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Caroline C Faria Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Leonardo Matta Pereira Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Luiz Gabriel Portilho Moreira Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Kathelinie Celestino Faustino Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Milena Simões Peixoto Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Denise Pires Carvalho Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Rodrigo Soares Fortunato Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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damage response in both male and female rats undergoing methimazole treatment for 7 or 21 days. Our prior findings revealed a sexual dimorphism in thyroid redox homeostasis, highlighting that females exhibit a more pro-oxidative environment compared to

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Banrida Wahlang Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
The Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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in liver toxicology by first introducing general concepts such as sex and gender in scientific research, sexual dimorphism of the primary organ of discussion – the liver, and an overview of FLD. Second, the review briefly discusses mechanisms of

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Taylor Landry East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Daniel Shookster East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Alec Chaves East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Katrina Free East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Tony Nguyen East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Hu Huang East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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, Kissileff et al. 1990 ), and exercise duration ( Staten 1991 , Pomerleau et al. 2004 ). Particularly, the existence of sexual dimorphism in human feeding behavior post-exercise is also debated ( Applegate et al. 1982 , Staten 1991 , King et al

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Yang Zhang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Weimin Zhang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences
Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Huiyi Yang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Wenliang Zhou Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Chaoqun Hu Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Lihong Zhang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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& Trant 2005 ), and was implicated in the control of reproductive activities ( González & Piferrer 2003 ). However, the extraneural expression of cyp19a1b in the ricefield eel exhibited an obvious sexual dimorphism. In the female, the expression of cyp19a1

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Bel M Galmés-Pascual Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Antonia Nadal-Casellas Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Marco Bauza-Thorbrügge Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Miquel Sbert-Roig Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Francisco J García-Palmer Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Ana M Proenza Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Magdalena Gianotti Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Isabel Lladó Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Institut d’Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, CB06/03/0043), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction Sexual dimorphism in mitochondrial biogenesis and function has been reported in many rat tissues, pointing to sex hormones as relevant candidates in the modulation thereof. Female rats show larger mitochondria and higher levels of

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Ghania Ramdani Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Nadine Schall Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
The Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Hema Kalyanaraman Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Nisreen Wahwah Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Sahar Moheize Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Jenna J Lee Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Robert L Sah Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Alexander Pfeifer The Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

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Darren E Casteel Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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Renate B Pilz Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

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-catenin and Wnt/β-catenin-related gene expression. The sexual dimorphism of Col1a1- Prkg2 RQ transgenic mice likely relates to cross-talk between ER-α, NO/cGMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways ( Kouzmenko et al. 2004 , Mendelsohn & Karas 2010

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HEIDI H. SWANSON
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SUMMARY

Unlike rats, the adult female hamster is heavier and longer than the male. The small size of the males appears to be dependent on the continuous presence of androgens, since castration before or after puberty results in an immediate acceleration of ponderal and linear growth, which is maintained until the female size is reached. The growth of females is not affected by gonadectomy.

Another sexual dimorphism which is reversed in hamsters in comparison with rats is adrenal weight; males have heavier adrenals than females. Castration reduces both absolute and relative adrenal weights of males to the levels of females. It is possible that the sex difference in growth is mediated through a differential secretion of adrenal hormones.

On the other hand, the sexual dimorphism in pituitary weights of hamsters is similar to rats; females have heavier pituitaries than males. This may reflect a sex difference in the pattern of gonadotrophin secretion, which may be similar in both species.

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A. S. GOLDMAN
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A. W. ROOT
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G. DUCKETT
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B. H. SHAPIRO
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SUMMARY

Pituitary content or concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and growth hormone in the genetically androgen insensitive male rat pseudohermaphrodite is intermediate between normal male and female rats, while pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration and serum FSH levels are the same as in the normal male. The concentration of serum LH, prolactin and growth hormone indicates no sexual dimorphism. Although the pseudohermaphrodite is genetically male with a female phenotype, our results suggest some degree of masculinization of the hypothalamicpituitary system.

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