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Sebastio Perrini Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Luigi Laviola Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Marcos C Carreira Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Angelo Cignarelli Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Annalisa Natalicchio Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Francesco Giorgino Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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( Sotiropoulos et al . 2006 ). Acute administration of GH regulates muscle mitochondrial function by increasing the levels of several key mitochondrial proteins, and by switching fuel utilization toward fat oxidation ( Short et al . 2008 ). In addition

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Jodi L Downs Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Henryk F Urbanski Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006 and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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area. The animals were maintained under constant conditions for 2 or more weeks to allow for their endogenous circadian rhythms to ‘free-run’. During this time, the animals continued to have consolidated sleep/wake cycles. These were monitored using

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J L Crawford Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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B P Thomson Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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M F Beaumont Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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D C Eckery Reproduction Group, AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, PO Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand

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( Lincoln & Short 1980 ). Similarly, there is a nocturnal rise in Prl in man ( Arendt 1988 , Thorner et al. 1992 ) although some studies have attributed this to the occurrence of sleep rather than the concomitant elevation in melatonin levels ( Sassin et

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S A Cavigelli
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S L Monfort
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T K Whitney
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Y S Mechref
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M Novotny
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M K McClintock
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circadian glucocorticoid rhythm is altered in several pathological states; e.g. major depressive disorder ( Sachar et al. 1973 , Linkowski et al. 1985 , Pfohl et al. 1985 ), Alzheimer’s disease, sleep deprivation ( Spiegel et al. 1999 ), and normal

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Rajat K Das
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Sarmistha Banerjee
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Bernard H Shapiro Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleep time that was still ~30% shorter than that resulting from the MSG-alone treatment and CYP2C11 expression levels (mRNA and protein) representing ~40% of controls. Evidently, even though there was no circulating GH after 12

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David M Golding School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Daniel J Rees Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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Jennifer R Davies Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dinko Relkovic Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Hannah V Furby Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Irina A Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anna L Hopkins School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Jeffrey S Davies Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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James L Resnick Center for Mammalian Genetics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Anthony R Isles Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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therefore characterised the metabolic phenotype of the PWS-IC del model in this study, quantifying appetitive and consummatory feeding behaviour, lipid profiling and storage, short-term responses to high-fat diet exposure and assessment of thermogenic

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Rachel Botchlett Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Pinnacle Clinical Research, Live Oak, USA

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Shih-Lung Woo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Mengyang Liu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Ya Pei Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Xin Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

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Honggui Li Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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overconsumption, in addition to causing weight gain and/or obesity if chronically overconsumed, can lead to disruptions in sleep-wake cycles, increased risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance ( Flowers & Ntambi 2009 , He et al

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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C E Higham Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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inhibitory factor. The evolution in understanding the central GH axis The ‘early’ years: 1920s–1960s The lack of a growth-stimulating factor in humans who exhibited severe proportionate short stature has been recognised throughout history. However, the

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Isis Gabrielli Barbieri de Oliveira Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Marcos Divino Ferreira Junior Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Paulo Ricardo Lopes Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Dhiogenes Balsanufo Taveira Campos Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Marcos Luiz Ferreira-Neto Departament of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Eduardo Henrique Rosa Santos Departament of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Flávio Andrade Francisco Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Bruna Del Vechio Koike Medical Department, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil

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Carlos Henrique de Castro Department of Physiological Science, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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André Henrique Freiria-Oliveira Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Daniel Alves Rosa Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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temperature, hormones release and sleep–wake cycles ( Coomans et al. 2015 , Kingsbury et al. 2016 ). Meanwhile, peripheral cells in the heart, liver and pancreas also contain intrinsic circadian oscillators ( Pezuk et al. 2010 , Podobed et al. 2014

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Cristina Capatina Department of Endocrinology, CI Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Endocrinology, CI Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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John A H Wass Department of Endocrinology, CI Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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symptoms onset to diagnosis is usually about 7–10 years ( Rajasoorya et al . 1994 ), at the time of diagnosis many patients present with specific complications of the disease. The most prevalent comorbidities are arterial hypertension, sleep apnea

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