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A. SZAFARCZYK
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G. IXART
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F. MALAVAL
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J. NOUGUIER-SOULÉ
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I. ASSENMACHER
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SUMMARY

Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and corticosterone in the plasma of adult female rats were measured sequentially at 4 h intervals for 24 h before and after lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei or treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (to inhibit serotonin synthesis). After lesions or p-chlorophenylalanine treatment, the concentrations of ACTH were diminished relative to those in control animals and rhythmic changes could not be detected. However, injection of animals, pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine, with 5-hydroxytryptophan (60 mg/kg) 8 h before the time when plasma ACTH is maximal in intact animals, stimulated ACTH secretion up to control values. Mean corticosterone concentrations in plasma remained unchanged (after lesions) or increased (after p-chlorophenylalanine). This increase was associated with an increased minimal concentration of corticosterone. After both treatments there was evidence of continued circadian or ultradian rhythms of corticosterone concentration.

Locomotor activity of female rats given identical treatment, but without blood sampling, indicated that nocturnal activity was diminished after lesions whereas diurnal activity was enhanced after p-chlorophenylalanine treatment. Periodicity analysis detected the persistence of free-running circadian, and sometimes ultradian activity, rhythms. Adrenalectomy did not alter further the activity pattern observed in rats with lesions.

These results therefore support the proposition that both the suprachiasmatic nuclei and the serotoninergic system play an irreplaceable role in the mechanism of ACTH secretory rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nuclei are also important for synchronization of locomotor activity and corticosterone rhythms, which may both persist after the suppression of ACTH rhythms.

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Henrik Oster Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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– 40–50% across the whole body – are expressed with a circadian rhythm ( Zhang et al. 2014 ). Of note, just like the delayed-action GC-mediated stress response, circadian clock regulation acts through slow, transcription

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Marianna Minnetti Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Valeria Hasenmajer Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Riccardo Pofi Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Mary Anna Venneri Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Krystallenia I Alexandraki Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Andrea M Isidori Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in mitigating or enhancing the effects of clock genes on their own targets. The exact role of glucocorticoids in this context has yet to be fully elucidated. However, it is generally accepted that their circadian rhythm

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Isis Gabrielli Barbieri de Oliveira Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Marcos Divino Ferreira Junior Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Paulo Ricardo Lopes Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Dhiogenes Balsanufo Taveira Campos Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Marcos Luiz Ferreira-Neto Departament of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Eduardo Henrique Rosa Santos Departament of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Flávio Andrade Francisco Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

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Bruna Del Vechio Koike Medical Department, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil

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Carlos Henrique de Castro Department of Physiological Science, Integrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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André Henrique Freiria-Oliveira Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Rodrigo Mello Gomes Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Daniel Alves Rosa Center of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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relate to increased adiposity and the development of other parameters of metabolic syndrome ( Báez-Ruiz et al. 2017 ). Although many evidence suggests that the desynchronization of circadian rhythm increases the risk of cardiometabolic disorders

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S A Cavigelli
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S L Monfort
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T K Whitney
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Y S Mechref
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M Novotny
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M K McClintock
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several pellets every 1–2 h ( Kishibayashi et al. 1995 ), according the higher temporal resolution needed to detect circadian rhythms and perturbations by a stressor. Fecal corticoid measures are also effective for documenting changes in glucocorticoid

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Jennifer A Evans Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA

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various body clocks with one another and with the local time zone. Classic work demonstrates that the SCN is necessary for maintaining circadian rhythms in numerous processes, including sleep, feeding, drinking, melatonin production, and reproductive

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Sebastian R Vanin Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Kendrick Lee Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mina Nashed Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Brennan Tse Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Mohammed Sarikahya Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Sukham Brar Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Gregg Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Amica-Mariae Lucas Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Thane Tomy Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Steven R Laviolette Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Edith J Arany Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Lawson Health Research Institute and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Daniel B Hardy Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
The Lawson Health Research Institute and the Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada

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terms are shown at maximum. Each bubble is the -log 10 ( P -value) for the respective term and is sized according to the gene ratio. Across the GO:BP, GO:CC, and KEGG enriched terms, we observed common terms related to circadian rhythm

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Muneki Ikeda Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Yasushi Hojo Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Masahiro Okamoto Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Asami Kato Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Taishi Takeda Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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Suguru Kawato Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan

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), the CORT level changes in both the plasma and brain along the circadian rhythm ( Migeon et al . 1956 , Moore & Eichler 1972 , Qian et al . 2012 ). Qian et al . showed the high synchronicity of CORT oscillation between the blood and hippocampus by

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J Fahrenkrug Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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B Georg Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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J Hannibal Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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H L Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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thyroid hormones compared to control rats, and based on the mean concentrations, it amounted to 7.7-fold for T4, 23-fold for free T4 and two-fold for T3, respectively ( Fig. 4D, E and F ). Furthermore, daily circadian rhythms in the thyroid hormones

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Qinghua Wang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China

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Jing Tang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Shujun Jiang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Zan Huang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Anying Song State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Siyuan Hou State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Xiang Gao State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Hai-Bin Ruan Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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), ITA and XIAP ( Jordan et al. 2001 ), UNC5H1 ( Williams et al. 2003 ), ROR2 ( Matsuda et al. 2003 ) and RORα ( Wang et al. 2010 ) to regulate neural development, cell apoptosis and proliferation and circadian rhythm. We and others have showed

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