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Rajat K Das
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Sarmistha Banerjee
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Bernard H Shapiro Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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differences in CYP expression occurs postpubertally) ( Shapiro et al . 1995 ). The only endogenous factor known to regulate the expression of adult hepatic CYP is growth hormone (GH) ( Legraverend et al . 1992 , Shapiro et al . 1995 ). At puberty, males

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Rosa Chung
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Bruce K Foster School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, City East Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia

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Cory J Xian
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Introduction The growth plate cartilage is responsible for achieving the longitudinal growth of long bones. Being a cartilage scaffold, the growth plate remains the weakest part of a long bone and hence prone to injury ( Mizuta et al . 1987

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Lin-Yu Jin Department of spinal surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
Department of spinal surgery, enji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China

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Zhen-Dong Lv Department of spinal surgery, enji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China

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Xin-Jin Su Department of spinal surgery, enji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China

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Shuai Xu Department of spinal surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China

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Hai-Ying Liu Department of spinal surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China

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Xin-Feng Li Department of spinal surgery, enji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China

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Introduction The formation and growth of the axial and appendicular skeleton depend strictly on endochondral formation, which is initiated in the fetal stage and continues to adolescence ( Kronenberg 2003 ). The growth plate (GP) is located

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Lorena González Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Johanna G Miquet Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Pablo E Irene Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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M Eugenia Díaz Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Soledad P Rossi Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ana I Sotelo Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mónica B Frungieri Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Cristal M Hill Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Geriatrics Research, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Andrzej Bartke Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Geriatrics Research, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USA

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Daniel Turyn Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Introduction The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), also called ERBB-1, belongs to a family of tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) that includes three additional proteins, ERBB-2, ERBB-3 and ERBB-4 ( Yarden & Sliwkowski 2001

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Rupasri Ain Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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Lindsey N Canham Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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Michael J Soares Institute of Maternal-Fetal Biology and Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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waste transport and modulating the maternal environment through the elaboration of an assortment of hormones, growth factors, and other regulatory molecules. Understanding mechanisms underlying the growth and development of the placenta is paramount to

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T C R Prickett Departments of, Medicine, Dean, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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J C Bothwell Departments of, Medicine, Dean, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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T G Yandle Departments of, Medicine, Dean, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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A M Richards Departments of, Medicine, Dean, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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E A Espiner Departments of, Medicine, Dean, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

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), is thought to regulate cellular proliferation and maturation ( Potter et al . 2006 ). Convincing evidence from the last decade shows that CNP is essential for postnatal skeletal growth ( Chusho et al . 2001 ). For example, contrived ( Olney 2006

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E J Mackie School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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L Tatarczuch School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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M Mirams School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

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, leaving a cartilaginous growth plate between the primary and secondary ossification centres, as well as the prospective permanent articular cartilages at each end of the bone. The growth plate is responsible for longitudinal growth of bones. Skeletal

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A J Forhead Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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A L Fowden Department of Physiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Physiology Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK

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& Forhead 2009 , 2013 ). Deficiency of thyroid hormones during intrauterine development impairs growth of the fetus and compromises its adaptation to extrauterine life ( Fowden et al . 1998 , Hillman et al . 2012 , Sferruzzi-Perri et al . 2013

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A G Kayali Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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A Stotland Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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K V Gunst Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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M Kritzik Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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G Liu Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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S Dabernat Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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Y-Q Zhang Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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W Wu Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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N Sarvetnick Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
Laboratoire de Biologie de la Differentation et du Development, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France

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Introduction Transduction of cellular signals is critical for development of mature cells and tissues. The regulation of mitogenesis by growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), erbB ligands, platelet-derived growth

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SP Bidey
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DJ Hill
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MC Eggo
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By combining data from studies of multinodular non-toxic goitre (MNTG) with data from rat models of goitre induction and in vitro models, a map of the growth factors involved in goitrogenesis has been constructed. We have addressed the roles of the insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factors, fibroblast growth factors, endothelins, etc. We hypothesise that an imbalance in the interactions between the various growth factor axes exists in MNTG which favours cell replication. Thyrotrophin, although not significantly elevated in MNTG, exerts critical effects through interactions with autocrine and paracrine factors and their receptors. Expansion of the thyroidal vascular bed through angiogenesis is closely co-ordinated with follicular cell expansion and folliculoneogenesis, and while the integrated paracrine actions of fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin probably play central roles, additional, as yet elusive, factors are probably involved. The combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, designed to address specific questions, will undoubtedly continue to prove invaluable in dissecting further the complex interactions that exist between these growth factors, their binding proteins and receptors in goitrogenesis.

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