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Ulrika Bergström Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Charlotte Lindfors Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Marie Svedberg Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Jeanette E Johansen Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Jenny Häggkvist Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Martin Schalling Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Rolf Wibom Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Abram Katz Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel

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Ida A K Nilsson Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction Neuronal networks crucial for the regulation of food intake, i.e. satiety and hunger, are located mainly in the hypothalamus. In particular, two populations of neurons in the mediobasal part of the hypothalamus, the arcuate

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B. HALÁSZ
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L. PUPP
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S. UHLARIK
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SUMMARY

Anterior pituitary tissue was implanted into the hypothalamus, other parts of the brain and beneath the renal capsule of rats. Grafts in the ventral hypothalamus could retain a normal histological appearance despite a lack of any contact with the capillary loop system of the median eminence.

By observing the location of basophils in the grafts a 'hypophysiotrophic' area has been defined. In other sites the histological structure of the grafts was not maintained.

In animals with grafts in the hypophysiotrophic area the target organs might be well preserved, though sometimes the gonads were preserved and other target organs atrophied. Grafts in other sites always led to atrophy of the target organs.

It is concluded that the material from the hypothalamus essential for the maintenance of anterior pituitary structure and function is not simply a synaptic mediator discharged by nerve terminals into the portal circulation, but a true neurosecretory substance produced by and available from small neurones in the hypothalamus.

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Dawid Szczepankiewicz Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Przemyslaw Kaczmarek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Marek Skrzypski Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Karolina Andralojc Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Tatiana Wojciechowicz Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Maciej Sassek Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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Krzysztof W Nowak Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 35 Wolynska Street, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

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energy balance. It was found that AGRP expression is associated with changes in the leptin level, one of the main hormones which regulates food intake via the hypothalamus. It was further observed that AGRP is produced in neurons that exhibit leptin

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Alan G Watts Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Hedco Neuroscience Building, MC 2520, Los Angeles, California 90089‐2520, USA

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used for teaching anatomy at Oxford ( Vogt 1972 ). A hallmark of Harris's research was a continuous emphasis on establishing structure–function relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. This focus played a major part in his ability

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Z Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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P H Bisschop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Foppen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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H C van Beeren Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Kalsbeek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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-known direct effects of TH at the tissue level, some of its metabolic effects are mediated indirectly through specific neuronal targets within the hypothalamus. In particular, this has been shown in rats for hepatic glucose metabolism, brown adipose tissue (BAT

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Clive W Coen Reproductive Neurobiology, Division of Women's Health, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK

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neuroendocrinology. The paradigm-shifting notion that blood passes down the portal vessels from the median eminence at the base of the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary gland was finally confirmed when Green & Harris (1949) observed the direction of red

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Gabriel O de Souza Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Fernanda M Chaves Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Josiane N Silva Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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João A B Pedroso Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Martin Metzger Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Renata Frazão Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Donato Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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neurons include agouti-related protein (AgRP)- and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing cells, both located at the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). ARH AgRP and ARH POMC neurons represent distinct but adjacent cell populations that affect

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Farid F Chehab Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94132, USA

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the olfactory placode and migrate into the CNS during embryogenesis ( Hilal et al . 1996 ), implying that their mutual relocation to the hypothalamus could be somewhat evolutionary and functionally linked. AGRP is expressed in leptin

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Mariana Rosolen Tavares Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Renata Frazao Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Donato Jr Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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does GH prevent hypoglycemia by antagonizing the glucose-lowering effects of insulin but glucose-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus are also directly responsive to GH ( Fig. 2 ) ( Furigo et al. 2017 , 2019a , Wasinski et al. 2021b ). Previous

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Roman A Romanov Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Alán Alpár MTA-SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Tomas Hökfelt Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Tibor Harkany Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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contain all mRNAs for the protein domain sustaining the regulated release of any neurotransmitter or neuroactive modulator. Here, we will review recent data on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA -containing neurons in the mammalian hypothalamus to

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