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play a role in pregnancy and parturition in some species ( Mahendroo & Russell 1999 , Scholtz et al . 2014 ). These isozymes are expressed in various male reproductive tissues including the epididymis ( Robaire et al . 1977 ), where they reduce
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School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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& Dalziel 2006 , McGoldrick et al. 2020 ). Endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for normal fetal development, and a surge of circulating glucocorticoids in late pregnancy facilitates normal maturation of the fetal lungs, heart, brain, and kidneys
Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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hyperprolactinemia during lactation, and thereby promote the milk production that is essential to this state, there is an apparent loss of sensitivity of the short-loop feedback system during late pregnancy and lactation ( Grattan et al . 2008 ). This is a
Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
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discuss the plethora of evidence demonstrating that ACE2 drives COVID-19 age, sex, and pregnancy-associated vulnerabilities and the culminating need for greater understanding of ACE2 and its pathophysiological role. The objective of this narrative review
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is affected by hyperglycaemia in pregnancy, most of those due to GDM ( International Diabetes Federation 2017 ). GDM is associated with neonatal adverse outcomes such as large for gestational age infants and increased risk of obesity and
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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purchase of processed foods compared with the rest of Europe ( Monteiro et al . 2018 ). Maternal obesity during pregnancy can directly influence infant size and metabolic characteristics from conception onward, is one of the main predicting factors of
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Introduction Preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, has been described for centuries, and the physiology has been studied intensively for decades. Still, effective therapies have proven elusive. One barrier to our
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Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Introduction Offspring born from pregnancy complicated by diabetes have a lifelong increased risk of insulin resistance. In humans, such offspring have a 4- to 8-fold higher risk, beyond genetic risk, to develop type 2 diabetes, metabolic
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Biological Sciences, Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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bioavailability of which is aided by proteases ( Lala & Hamilton 1996 , Salamonsen 1999 ). One of the critical proteases involved in normal placental development is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPPA; Sun et al . 2002 ), which is produced by human
Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph’s Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Introduction Pregnancy presents as a unique situation of endocrine pancreas β-cell adaptation that reverses after parturition. Late pregnancy is characterized by a state of peripheral maternal insulin resistance mediated by placental hormones